Using Laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy system to determine the fertility of middle Iraqi soil

Abstract

In this work, different soil samples were brought to study and analyse the element concentrations from different middle regions of Iraq (such as, Habbaniah, Garmah, Fallujah, and Tarmiah cities). Using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been documented as an atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) technique.  Laser-induced plasma utilized to analyse elements in materials (gases, liquids, and solids) in order to analyse elements in materials (gases, liquids and solid). The Nd:YAG laser excitation source at 1064nm with pulse width and pulse duration of 9ns is used to generate power density of 5.5 x 10¹² MW/mm², with optical spectrum in the range 320 -740 nm.

The soils of Habbaniyah and Garmah cities features have small concentrations of P II (0.08 a.u), K II (0.01 a.u), SiII (0.004 a.u) and Ca II (0.04 a.u) elements.  However, the Fallujah city features have a good concentration of Ca II (0.14a.u). It is concluded that the soil in Fallujah city is better than Habbaniah, Tarmiah and Garmah cities of concentration elements.