Iraqi Journal of Science (IJS) is a blind peer-reviewed open access journal issued by the College of Science at the University of Baghdad. It is a monthly journal that publishes original research articles in a wide range of subjects. The prestigious interdisciplinary editorial board in the journal reflects the diversity of subjects covered in the journal. The journal is being published since 1956. The journal is basically self-financed by applying fees on the researcher's work published in the journal. However, the journal is also supported by the college of science at the University of Baghdad.
College of Science - University of Baghdad
A Novel Image Decomposition Employing Gaussian Curvature based Edge preserving Filter for Brain Tumor Detection through Image Fusion
The process of combining images from multiple medical imaging sources without any distortion or loss of information is known as medical image fusion. It improves the usefulness of medical imaging for the diagnosis and treatment of medical issues by maintaining every feature in the fused image. Recent years have seen the introduction of many image fusion techniques that show the significant progress in the field of medical diagnosis. However, the fusion performance of these contemporary methods is prone to distortion, noise, and blurring. To address these drawbacks of the current methods, this work presents a novel fusion methodology for a visually pleasing appearance. Using Gaussian curvature and guided filters, a new decomposition technique with an edge-preserving smoother is firstly described. The primary objective of this approach is to preserve edge haloes while recovering the structural information. The "weighted average" technique is used to merge source images based on the weights that were computed based on significant edge details. This technique can enhance contrast and highlight significant details in the fused image. We evaluate our proposed methodology on multiple pairs of publically available medical imaging datasets. The quantitative evaluation indicates that the suggested fusion strategy for multimodal image fusion improves the average IE by 5.8, MI by 34.8%, MSSIM by 31%, and QAB/F by 40% over the current methods, making it appropriate for usage in the medical area for correct diagnosis.
Gaussian curvature, Guided filter, Medical image fusion,Weighted average, Qualitative, Quantitative evaluation
Copyright (c) 2025 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacological Evaluation of Najas gracillima from the Bay of Bengal Coastal Regions: In Vitro and In Silico Studies
Najas gracillima is a green seaweed commonly found in North America and East Asia. This study explored its phytochemical composition and assessed its antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, along with α-amylase inhibition and cytotoxicity evaluations via the brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) and the HeLa cancer cell line. The acetone extract of Najas gracillima (ANG) showed a total phenolic content of 14.26 ± 1.86 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 10.27 ± 2.24 mg QUE/g extract. ANG demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ for DPPH: 14.57 ± 0.93 µg/mL; IC₅₀ for ABTS: 32.17 ± 1.35 µg/mL) and moderate α-amylase inhibition (IC₅₀: 54.97 ± 3.36 µg/mL). While it showed mild cytotoxicity in the BSLB assay (LC₅₀: 673.08 μg/mL), no cytotoxic effects were observed against HeLa cells. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the identified compounds exhibited strong binding affinities to relevant drug target proteins associated with the observed biological activities. These findings suggest that N. gracillima may serve as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in managing oxidative stress and diabetes.
Effect of Moringa Leaves Water Extract Combined with Collagen and Vitamin C on Malondialdehyde Levels in Rats Exposed to Oxidative Stress
The increasing prevalence of free radical-related diseases has led to a greater reliance on herbal medicines, such as Moringa oleifera (ML), as antioxidants. However, limited evidence exists regarding the combined effect of herbal and conventional antioxidants on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. This research assessed simplisia characterization, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of ML water extract (ML-WE), and serum MDA levels in animal models using ELISA. Forty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: a negative control, a positive control, and five treatment groups. All treatment groups were exposed to lead for seven days, followed by supplementation with either ML-WE (200 mg/kg BW), vitamin C (36 mg/kg BW), collagen (27 mg/kg BW), or their combinations. ML-WE showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 81.761 ppm). MDA levels differed significantly among groups (p < 0.001). Combining ML-WE with collagen reduced MDA levels more than ML-WE alone (14.65 ± 0.66 vs 21.32 ± 0.95 nmol/mL, p < 0.05) but was less effective than collagen monotherapy. Similarly, ML-WE combined with vitamin C showed no statistically significant improvement. These results indicate that while ML-WE has strong antioxidant properties, no synergistic effects were observed in combination therapies.
Gold Mineralisation in Metamorphic Rocks on Buru Island, Indonesia: Rock Facies, Geochemistry, Alterations, Mineralisation, and Types of Ore Deposits
Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources, one of which is gold deposits scattered across several locations, including the islands of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Papua. This study aims to (1) determine the type of alteration contained in the research area based on the altered mineral set resulting from the alteration process and the characteristics of gold deposits in metamorphic rocks in the study area, (2) determine the mineralisation characteristics of gold deposits by conducting geochemical analysis, (3) determine the type of metamorphic facies in host-rocks Gold deposits in the research area, (4) explain how the distribution of gold content from the results of geochemical analysis, (5) explain the genetic characteristics of gold deposits in the study area based on geochemical analysis and petrographic analysis. This study involved a field survey and random rock sampling at Mount Botak, Buru Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Rock samples were analysed by petrographic analysis, XRD (X-ray Diffraction) analysis, XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis, ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) analysis, and AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) analysis. The study results indicate that the host rock of gold deposits on Buru Island is a metamorphic rock formed by greenschist facies. The types of alterations are silicic, sericitization, argilic, and chloritization. The mineralisation is generally in quartz veins with a crustiform texture and a slight vein stockwork. Au levels ranged from 0.23 to 5.9 g/ton, which was not accompanied by Ag enrichment. Based on the analysis of gold deposits in the research area, it is an orogenic-type of deposit formed in a mesozonal environment, typically at a depth of 5-10 km. The implications of the research results can be applied to gold exploration purposes in Indonesia, particularly for gold deposits that have metamorphic host rocks.
Analyzing Materials and Determining their Physical Properties Using Spectral Sensing Technology from Satellite Images: Methodology and Applications
The spectral remote sensor technology was used to study the Kurdistan region of Iraq to determine the characteristics of surface minerals and by analyzing satellite images across multiple spectral ranges, distinctive spectral signatures were specified for several metals such as zinc (ZN), Lead (PB), and Parium (BA), as well as the use of thermal infrared to detect free abnormalities and the results were verified through field measurements and admonitory, where the selection accuracy was 85% according to the absolute error (MAPE) and 0.045 for RMSé and the results showed that spectral signatures for metals were distributed in nearby and remote IR ranges, helping to determine mineral sediments such as zinc and lead in carbonate rocks and infrared data and it also revealed a surface temperature between 20°C and 35°C, with thermal anomaly indicating metal concentrations and the study confirms the effectiveness of spectral remote sensing as an inexpensive and accurate tool for minerals, which enhances sustainable resource management strategies in Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nonlinear optical characteristics of Nile blue films doped with the polymers PMMA, PVC and their blend by using z-scan technique
The nonlinear optical characteristics of the laser dye Nile blue doped with Polyvinyl chloride (Nb /PVC), poly methylmethacrylate Nb/ (PMMA) and their blend N /(blend of PMMA 50 %+PVC 50%) was studded. Free-casting technique method was used for deposited the films. The nonlinear properties of the films studded by using Z- scan technique .Z-scan experiment was performed using continuous wave (CW) diode laser at 650 nm in two parts with power of 50 mw . The first part was done using a closed-aperture placed in front of the detector to measure the nonlinear refractive index ,with the second part; the aperture in front the detector was removed (open aperture) to measure the nonlinear absorption coefficient. The open-aperture curve exhibits a normalized transmittance (valley), indicating the presence of induced absorption. The observed nonlinearity is found to be of the third order, as it fits to two photon absorption process (TPA). The closed-aperture curve exhibits a peak to valley shape, indicating a negative value of the nonlinear refractive index n2. The effective values of the nonlinear refractive index n2, the nonlinear absorption coefficient β2, real and imaginary parts of the third-order optical nonlinearity, χ(3) for Nb/PMMA+PVC films comparatively with that of Nb/PMMA and Nb/PVC has much lower optical transmittance value obtained shows that these films can be used as efficient optical limiters.
Copyright (c) 2021 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ADL: A New Dataset of Select Arabic-Derived Letters for Handwritten Character Recognition
Arabic text and characters recognition are among the most challenging problems in the field of optical character recognition (OCR) due to the complex nature of the letters and their variance in forms. This paper presents a new ADL dataset of the Arabic derived letters: Che (چ), Ngain (ڠ), Pe (پ), Ve (ڤ), Zhe (ژ), and the three versions of Gaf (گ, ڭ, and ݣ). This dataset consists of 55,440 images from scanned handwritten papers made by 30 participants of different ages, thus ensuring demographic and stylistic diversity. The dataset has been evaluated on three different models: a Support Vector Machine (SVM), a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and a Vision Transformer (ViT) to demonstrate its practical usability. Several forms for different alphabet positions are used to represent each letter: isolated, initial, medial, and final, to reflect its real-world usage, which increases the value of the dataset for machine learning applications. The dataset was enriched using data augmentation techniques based on random rotation, horizontal shift, and zooming with nearest neighbor interpolation to fill empty pixels, which allowed for representing each character in a balanced way while preserving the essential structural elements. The dataset, as the first structured resource on some derived letters of the Arabic language, aims to fill a crucial gap in datasets focused on Arabic script and to advance research on handwritten character recognition. This dataset has important implications for linguistic research, practical applications, and advances in automated text processing systems by supporting better recognition of these non-original derived letters, especially in optical character recognition (OCR) systems.
Enhanced Intelligent System Model for Managing Anxiety in In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Patients
In vitro fertilization (IVF) program patients have elevated anxiety levels. Therefore, they immediately contact fertility doctors through existing communication media to get treatment. However, fertility doctors cannot respond quickly due to high workloads. The intelligent health system that implements the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) model is widely used to assist doctors in handling patient complaints. However, the system provides opportunities for modification so that the performance of the CBR model increases and further assists fertility doctors in handling IVF patient anxiety. This study modified the CBR model by integrating several previous research results (CCBR similarity formula, combination of CBR with Rule-Based Reasoning, the role of patient feedback, and the application of a minimum standard value of 80%). Measurement of the coefficient matrix to assess system performance using the Chris Case-Based Reasoning (CCBR) similarity formula produced an accuracy value of 52.58%, and the performance of the combination of the CBR model with the Rule-Based Reasoning model increased the accuracy value by 47.42%, so it can be stated that the CCBR model is a better intelligent system model for handling IVF patient anxiety.
GIS-MCDA Based Land Capability Analysis for Sustainable Food Production in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Food production is vital to global food security, entailing significant social, economic, and environmental implications. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) possesses abundant natural and human resources essential for agriculture, including extensive agricultural land, water resources, and a favorable climate. However, challenges such as population growth, displacement of large numbers of residents from other provinces to the Kurdistan Region, unplanned urban expansion encroaching on agricultural areas, useless land accumulation, and agricultural land degradation pose substantial threats to sustainable food production (SFP). The study's primary objective is to assess and map the potential for SFP in the region, enabling stakeholders to formulate strategies for sustainability and ensure food security. The methodology involved classifying land capability using Geographic Information System - Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis GIS-MCDA approaches, including the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process-hybrid model (F-AHP) and fuzzy analytical network process F-ANP. The dataset encompassed variables related to land capability for food production, categorized into six main groups: topography, climate elements, water resources, land use-landcover (LULC), geology, and soil characteristics, each with about eighteen sub-factors. Results from F-AHP and F-ANP indicated consistent findings across factor weights and land capability classifications in KRI, showing no significant disparities. Only 10.72% of the region's total land 4245.7 km2 exhibited high capability, while 28.68%, 11355 km2, 34.18%, 13534 km2, and 18.1%, 7168 km2, were moderately capable, low capability, and limited capable land, respectively. An 8.32%, 3295.4 km2 of Kurdistan's land was deemed unsuitable for SFP. The study's insights are crucial for experts, planners, governments, and stakeholders, facilitating the assessment of current food production. Based on these findings, appropriate plans and strategies can be developed to uphold long-term food security in the Kurdistan region.
Analysis of the Distribution of Globular Clusters - Specific Frequency in Different Galaxy Types
Globular clusters (GC) are important objects for tracing a galaxy's early evolution. The origin of the scaling parameters of the globular clusters as a function of galaxy mass, i.e., specific frequency, (SN), specific mass (SM), and specific number (T) of globular clusters is investigated to understand the origin of the relations between these parameters and the V-band magnitude (MV) of their host galaxies. A wide sample of data from literature, covering different galaxy masses, types, and environments, including a study of the number of globular clusters (NGC) has been used as the basis for our analysis. The sample covers the entire range of galaxy (MV = −11 to −25 mag), where this large dataset confirms that, irrespective of the type of galaxy, the specific frequencies of GCs increase around a galaxy magnitude, of MV ≃ −18 mag. Additionally, it is shown by our findings that the specific mass of GCs tends to increase significantly in galaxies with MV ≃ −21 mag, while the specific number rises considerably in lower-luminosity galaxies with MV ≃ −17 mag. Thus, highlighting the variations of GC formation efficiency, across different galaxy types.
Measurements of Magnetic Susceptibility and Its Application in Pollution Detection- A Case Study in the Tigris River in Baghdad City, Iraq
The Tigris River is considered the largest river that crosses Baghdad City, the capital of Iraq. It is regarded as one of the main water suppliers to the city. River sediments can be used to detect the pollution in rivers; thirty sediment samples were collected one to two meters away from the riverside to assess the level pollution in sediments. The area is situated not so far from an industrial area, the Dura oil refinery, factories, and other facilities. A series of magnetic measurements has been performed, including magnetic susceptibility (χ), anhysteretic remanent magnetisation (ARM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation (SIRM) and thermomagnetic analyses (κ-T). Very high values of χ, χARM and SIRM were detected; the mean values were 2962×10-8 (m3/kg), 569×10-8 (m3/kg) and 2721×10-5 (Am2/kg), respectively. The high correlations between χ and χARM, χ and SIRM are (R2=0.78) and (R2=0.82), respectively. Thermomagnetic analyses at high and low temperatures show that the curves of high temperatures (0 to 700 ºC) decrease around 580 ºC, which is the Curie temperature of magnetite; the low-temperature curve (0 to -200ºC) shows a typical curve of magnetite, and the Verwey transition is clearly detected. These results indicate the presence of Single-Domain (SD) to Multi-Domain (MD) grains of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) in high concentrations and the absence of superparamagnetic (SP) grains in the sediments. The results indicate that the river sediments are highly polluted, which could be due to anthropogenic activities, including oil refineries, industrial activities, and atmospheric particle pollution.
Serum Level and Single-nucleotide Polymorphism (rs1927911) of Toll-like Receptor 4 Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Iraqi Patients
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the TLR family, plays a key role in innate immunity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition characterized by impaired insulin sensitivity and abnormal immune responses. This study aimed to examine the association of the TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1927911 with T2DM susceptibility and to evaluate the SNP's effect on TLR4 levels. The study included 60 T2DM patients and 40 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected for serum analysis and DNA extraction. TLR4 levels were significantly elevated in T2DM patients carrying the AG genotype compared to controls (0.48 ± 0.10 vs. 0.30 ± 0.02 ng/ml, p = 0.03). Conversely, the controls with AA and GG genotypes had significantly higher levels of TLR4 compared to the patients (0.50 ± 0.11 versus 0.32 ± 0.08 and 0.43 ± 0.08 versus 0.35 ± 0.03 ng/ml, respectively), T2DM risk factors include AA genotype with an elevated incidence of T2DM (OR = 4.1), GG genotype (OR = 1.04), and the A allele (OR = 1.42). However, the AG genotype was not considered a risk factor for T2DM (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.21–1.06). In conclusion, the AA and GG genotypes and the A allele contribute to T2DM susceptibility, while the AG genotype influences TLR4 levels without significantly increasing disease risk.
Spatial Analysis of the Vegetation Condition Index of Al-Hamdania District by Remote Sensing Dataset
Drought is a natural hazard that occurs as a result of decreased rainfall and water storage. It has a significant impact on the agriculture sector. In this paper, monitoring the drought in the Al-Hamdaiya district located east of Mosul city in the Nineveh Governorate, Northern Iraq, was performed for years 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2024 by integrating remotely sensed data and geographic information systems (GIS). Spatial and temporal distribution changes of the drought phenomenon for the study area were verified by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) using Landsat 8 (Operational Land Imager: OLI) images during April month. The results indicated that the study area experienced relatively no drought between 2019 and 2024. However, there was a significant increase in drought conditions during 2017, 2018, and 2022. The percentage of drought-free areas fluctuated between 11.73-91.58% from 2017-2024. Among the drought categories, extreme and moderate drought accounted for the largest percentages, followed by severe and mild drought.
B-cell Lymphoma 9 (BCL9) Gene Methylation as a Biomarker for Gastrointestinal Diseases and Gastric Cancer Risk
In this study, the link between bacterial infection and BCL9 gene methylation was examined, which is crucial to cancer formation. Also, it examined patients' gene methylation levels for stomach ulcers, gastritis [acute and chronic], and duodenal ulcers and cancer risk. Using MS-RT-PCR, BCL-9 methylation was associated more strongly with clinical variables. Substantial differences in BCL-9 methylation between patients and controls (median 1.368, Interquartile Range [0.912-1.468] vs. 1.001, [0.861-1.211], p<0.05). Interestingly, males had substantially greater BCL-9 methylation levels than females (median 1.186, Interquartile Range [1.139-1.308] vs. 0.986, Interquartile Range [0.875-1.150], p<0.05). A significant difference was observed in BCL-9 methylation between acute and chronic gastritis patients (median 1.213, Interquartile Range [1.083-1.378] vs. 1.013, Interquartile Range [0.855-1.130], p<0.05), suggesting that chronic inflammation may impact BCL-9 methylation patterns. BCL-9 methylation was strongly linked with treatment status (r= 0.293, p<0.01). BCL-9 methylation was linked to gastrointestinal diseases such as chronic gastritis. This strongly suggests that BCL9 gene methylation can be detected early. This evidence can be utilized to create cancer treatment and prevention medicine.
Exploring the Inflammatory Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer by Assessing the Levels of the Markers Aflatoxin-B1, CARD-9, and Dectin-1
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a growing incidence in developing countries such as Iraq. Chronic inflammation and exposure to environmental toxins like aflatoxin-B1 may influence disease development and progression. This study investigates the role of aflatoxin-B1, caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD-9), and Dectin-1 in CRC among Iraqi male patients, including newly diagnosed cases and those under chemotherapy. A total of 88 participants (60 CRC patients aged 25-70 and 28 healthy controls) were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were withdrawn from each participant from four hospitals in Baghdad between October 2023 and January 2024. The participants were divided into three groups: 30 newly diagnosed CRC patients, 30 under treatment with chemotherapy (Folfox, Xeloda, Oxaliplatin), and 28 healthy individuals served as a control group. Serum levels of aflatoxin-B1, CARD-9, and Dectin-1 were determined by using an ELISA assay. The results showed no significant differences in aflatoxin-B1 levels across groups (p=0.24). However, CARD-9 levels were significantly higher in patients (p = 0.001), and Dectin-1 also showed significant differences (p = 0.002). Comparing the two patient groups, CARD-9 levels differed significantly (p < 0.001), while aflatoxin-B1 and Dectin-1 did not (p = 0.1, 0.06). Based on disease grades, CARD-9 showed significant differences in newly diagnosed patients (p = 0.044), while Dectin-1 showed significant differences in treated patients (p < 0.001). These findings highlight the potential role of CARD-9 and Dectin-1 as biomarkers in CRC progression and treatment monitoring.
Integrating XGBoost and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to Optimize COVID-19 Mortality Prediction
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has severely affected worldwide health, but the prediction of patient mortality remains difficult to achieve accurately. Current predictive methods mainly concentrate on clinical condition measurements without a complete view of death predictions. This research fills the void between advanced modelling through XGBoost and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for improved COVID-19 mortality prediction analysis. We applied a systematic four-phase approach to collect data from the "COVID-19 Symptoms Dataset containing symptoms and death cases as well as mortality rates and confirmed cases, " prior to data processing and analysis stages, including cleaning, visualization and feature analysis, followed by the implementation and optimization of XGBoost models and RNN frameworks. The final stage involved performance assessment with accuracy, precision recall, and F1-score. The evaluation results demonstrate RNNs deliver superior performance than XGBoost by achieving 94% accuracy, 93% recall, 92% F1-score, and 92% precision, at a time when XGBoost reaches 88.47% accuracy alone. Results demonstrate the advantage of XGBoost-RNN integration for mortality predictions, which enables public health services to create better resource plans.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Content in Plant Waste and Environmental Impact Evaluation through Thermal Analysis
The growing trend of converting plant waste into energy requires a comprehensive analytical investigation into the potential environmental risks of heavy metal pollution. Therefore, this paper presents an in-depth analytical study of the heavy metal content in waste samples of Eucalyptus collected from three locations in Iraq: Al-Khadra District, Al-Taji, and Samarra. The analysis included ultimate and proximate, ICP-MS, Thermal, and SEM-EDX analysis. TGA/DTG analyses were used to characterize the thermal behavior of the samples; the obtained TG and DTG curves were used to evaluate the volatilization of heavy metals during the gasification process. Results indicated that the samples followed a general trend of heavy metal contamination with Pb, followed mainly by Al, Fe, Ni, As, and Cu. Increasing temperature through TGA experiments raised the heavy metal content in char to maximum volatilization at 900°C. This work emphasizes assessing heavy metal content in plant waste, intending to evaluate the environmental impact of such wastes and has shown how gasification is among the promising thermos-conversion technologies for waste-to-energy conversion. The outcome of this work adds to the development of strategies that could be used to mitigate the environmental impact of heavy metal contamination in plant waste while assisting in sustainable energy production.
Spatial Analysis of Suicides in the Governorates of Iraq for 2022 Using ArcGIS Pro
Suicide attempts are a severe global public health concern; suicide patterns might vary based on individual features, techniques, causes, geographical area, and socio-cultural milieu. Suicide rates in Iraq and throughout the world differ significantly by geography. ArcGIS Pro software was used for spatial analysis of the number of suicide cases. Data was collected from the Iraqi Supreme Judicial Council. This study intended to explore spatial patterning and governorate variations in suicide mortality by gender across 15 governorates of Iraq, except for the Kurdistan provinces, between 2017 and 2021, increasing the number of cases by an estimated percentage of 187%. The Suicide Index to 1.409 suicides per hundred thousand people, and the percentage of men who committed suicide was higher than women's suicide rate increased from 96 men and 82 women in 2017 to 286 men and 225 women in 2022; that was based on suicide sites distributed in the governorates of Iraq from the statistics of the Iraqi Ministry of Health. It was found that the Maysan governorate for the year 2022 had the most suicides at 4.6, while the lowest governorate was Anbar at 0.15. The benefit of the study maps designed in the results is to develop planning policies that are appropriate to the location, aimed at mitigating suicide attempts in the governorates of Iraq.
Characteristic for Novel Soft Type Quasinormal Operator Relies on Soft Hilbert Domain and Related Outcomes
The softness of the image Hilbert domain has a momentous role in the analytical characterizations of operators. Therefore, the elaborate study of these classes of soft operators (S-operators) and the comprehensive investigation of the algebraic and analytical traits of their softness Hilbert domains is of great importance. In Soft set Theory (SST), research in this specialty is of great importance. The prime effort of this article is application of novel kinds of general normal S-operator in SST, named as soft quasi normal operator. The crucial characteristic of the proposed operator is explained, including its major merits. Furthermore, the necessary stipulations are also discussed to verify the various merits of the proposed operator.
Influence of Phosphatidyl Inositol (4,5) Bisphosphate,5-Phosphatase (PIP2), in Patients With Kidney Stones and Renal Failure
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is an essential lipid involved in metabolic processes. It is integral to the cell membrane of all animal and plant cells and acts as a second messenger in various signaling pathways. Still, its hydrolysis can lead to increased calcium levels and kidney stones. The study aims to investigate the role of PIP2 enzyme levels in patients with renal failure and kidney stones. The enzyme-produced amount was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peripheral whole-blood samples were collected in gel tubes from eighty patients (40 with kidney stones and 40 with renal failure), and 40 were healthy individuals. The results of urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels were significantly different between renal failure patients (140.35±41.45, 8.70±3.22, 8.43±1.47) and the control group (27.07±7.21, 0.70±0.26, 4.53±0.94), with a p-value of 0.001. Uric acid levels in kidney stone patients were also significant (6.30±1.39) with a p-value of 0.001. The findings revealed significant differences in PIP2 levels among patients with kidney stones (6.63±1.40) and renal failure (9.13±1.76) compared to the control group (1.87±0.94), with p-values of 0.001 and 0.02, respectively. Serum Ca²⁺ levels also showed significant differences (9.55±1.63, 8.19±1.11) compared to the control group (9.47±0.28) with p-values of 0.94 and 0.001, respectively. To confirm the results of the p-value. Effect Size (Cohen's d) was conducted, and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for all parameters, and the results were consistent with the p-value. This study demonstrated that PIP2 and vitamin D3 play distinct roles in Ca2+ homeostasis, underscoring their potential role in disease pathology.
Immunological Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 in β-Thalassemia Major Patients Infected With Hepatitis C Virus
The levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), as well as zinc, iron, and calcium, in patients with β-thalassemia major who undergo repeated blood transfusions, with and without Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection, remain unexplored. Many studies have focused on iron overload in β-thalassemia major; however, there is a gap in information regarding the role of MMP-2, both in the presence and absence of HCV infection. The present study focused on the role of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in β-thalassemia major patients infected with HCV. This cross-sectional observational study included 80 patients suffering from β-thalassemia major; 50 cases had previously been diagnosed as positive for HCV using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and 30 individuals were recorded as negative when using the same technique. Patients aged between 3-48 years had regular blood transfusions and chelation therapy. Sixty healthy individuals were included in this study. Detection of HCV was performed using RT-PCR. ELISA estimated serum levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2, while calcium, zinc, and iron concentrations were measured using biochemical tests. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to investigate the predictive values of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 for the studied groups. Among ELISA-positive HCV patients, only three individuals (6.0%) showed HCV RNA in their blood samples when RT PCR was used. The mean levels of MMP-2 in HCV-positive and negative β-thalassemia patients were (99.27 ±8.94 and 67.15 ±3.52), respectively, while in the healthy group they were (32.21 ±1.97). The mean levels of TIMP-2 in those patients were (22.91 ±1.54 and 20.29 ±1.22), respectively, and (10.28 ±0.56) for healthy cases. Regarding the mean value of Ca, iron, and Zn, the results were (9.32 ±0.07 for Ca, 341.76 ±11.49 for iron, 67.63 ±3.35 for Zn) and (9.01 ±0.08 for Ca, 284.25 ±8.56 for iron, 59.64 ±3.97 for Zn) in HCV positive and negative β thalassemia patients respectively, while in healthy individuals were (8.71 ±0.07 in Ca, 118.26 ±5.31 in iron, 93.51 ±4.48 in Zn). This study found that infection of β-thalassemia patients with HCV leads to elevated MMP-2 levels, contributing significantly to liver fibrosis through enhanced extracellular matrix breakdown and an inflammatory response. In contrast, TIMP-2, which regulates MMP-2 activity, shows a compensatory increase, reflecting an attempt to balance MMP-2-mediated tissue degradation. This imbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 underscores the accelerated fibrosis seen in these patients.
Antibacterial and Post-biofilm Effects of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pyocyanin
The increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics has driven the search for alternative antimicrobial agents, such as metal nanoparticles. Copper oxide nanoparticles exhibit strong antibacterial and antibiofilm properties due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and reactive oxygen species generation. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using microorganisms offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach compared to chemical methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogenic bacterium, produces pyocyanin, a redox-active pigment with metal-reducing properties, which can facilitate the synthesis of CuO NPs. Pyocyanin acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent, enabling the formation of NPs with enhanced biocompatibility and antimicrobial efficacy. The research involves the isolation of P. aeruginosa, extraction of pyocyanin, and subsequent biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles. The findings are expected to provide insights into novel therapeutic strategies for combating resistant bacterial strains, addressing a critical public health need. Samples were collected from Baghdad-Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Ghazi Al-Hariry Hospital, and Al-Imamein Al-Khadumein Teaching. The copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from P. aeruginosa using the biological method and characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These confirmed that it is a nanoparticle. The antimicrobial efficiency of CuO NPs was determined for Six multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates using a well diffusion assay (WDA). The maximum inhibition zone of P. aeruginosa was 34 mm at a concentration of 500mg/ml of CuO NPs. CuO NPs showed consistent inhibition on all strains. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of copper nanoparticles (CuO NPs) biosynthesized using pyocyanin, as an antibacterial agent and antibiofilm after formation against P. aeruginosa, there is a proportional relationship between the concentration of nanoparticles and their effect on non-planktonic cells within the biofilm texture.
A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of IC 2473, an Outer Pseudo-ring Galaxy (R′1)
This work aims to study the outer Pseudo-ring galaxy IC 2473 by analyzing its spectroscopic and photometric data using griz filters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The ellipse task from the STSDAS library was applied within the IRAF environment to analyze the isophotes and extract the galaxy's structural and optical properties using surface photometric techniques. This analysis helped determine important parameters such as ellipticity, surface brightness, and position angle, enabling a precise characterization of the galaxy's structure. A least-square fitting method was used to effectively study the morphological features. Spectroscopically, the emission line flux [OII] was analyzed to estimate the star formation rate (SFR), which was found to be approximately 0.124 M⊙ yr-1. The mass of the supermassive black hole (MBH) was calculated using the M–σ relationship, and it was approximately 2.2×10⁷ M⊙, with a Schwarzschild radius of 6.5×10⁷ km. In addition, the effective density of the black hole (ρ_BH) within the Schwarzschild radius was calculated and found to be approximately 3.75×10⁴ kg/m³. This study provides a comprehensive and integrated analysis of the structural, physical, and dynamical aspects of IC 2473, contributing to our understanding of the internal structure of pseudo-ring galaxies and their associated stellar activity.
An Intensive Study of Finite Dimensional Hesitant Fuzzy Normed Linear Spaces
The author's previous covered the concept of fuzzy normed linear space into hesitant fuzzy normed linear space. This work introduces hesitant fuzzy n-normed linear space as a generalization of n-normed space in addition to the generic t-norm, which is the major objective, and provides an expanding family of S*-n-norms that correspond to fuzzy n-norms. The decomposition theorem of a hesitant fuzzy norm into a set of crisp norms has been proven to fail when a t-norm other than "min" is used. This paper also addresses essential conclusions for fuzzy normed linear spaces of limited dimensions within a broad t-norm framework.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 3-(4-bromobenzyl)-2-mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-one as a Corrosion Inhibitor for carbon steel CS45 in 1M HCl
In this study, a mercapto-quinazolinone derivative, 3-(4-Bromobenzyl)-2-mercaptoquinazolin-4(3H)-one (compound B), was synthesized and assessed as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel (CS45) in 1M hydrochloric acid. The synthesis began with anthranilic acid and involved two main steps: first, the formation of a thiocyanate intermediate, followed by its reaction with anthranilic acid to produce compound B. The chemical structure of the synthesized compound was confirmed using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques. The corrosion inhibition performance of compound B was evaluated at different concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 M) and temperatures (293, 303, and 313 K) in acidic media. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicated that compound B is an effective corrosion inhibitor, achieving a maximum inhibition efficiency of 96% at a concentration of 0.3 M and a temperature of 293 K. Additionally, the results showed a relationship between inhibitor concentration and current density, demonstrating that increasing the inhibitor concentration led to a decrease in current density. The study also showed that the inhibitor follows the Langmuir rule for adsorption and that compound B is a mixed inhibitor
Factors influencing corrosion (temperature and concentration)
Genetic Polymorphisms and Haplotype Analysis of Endothelin-1 Gene in Diabetes Mellitus Type II Patients
Introduction: Endothelin-1gene is an important factor that can contribute to cardiovascular and kidney disorders. Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Endothelin-1gene was related to many diseases and may be associated with complications of diabetes mellitus type II.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Endothelin-1genetic polymorphism and DM type II in the Iraqi population. Methods: Blood samples were collected from patients with type II diabetes and control. PCR was applied to detect the Endothelin-1gene and conducted genetic sequences for Endothelin-1gene to detect SNPs (rs1800543, rs2070699, rs1476046, rs1762831452, new671, rs587777231, rs587777234). Results: SNP rs1800543 showed that the odds ratio for genotype CC (1.52) and C allele (1.12) both consider as an etiological fraction positively associated with diabetic type II. SNP rs2070699.The results showed that the odds ratio for genotype GG (1.8) and G allele (1.35) were associated with a positive correlation of diabetic type II as an etiological factor. The results of rs1476046 showed that the odds ratio for the genotype GA and A allele were 1.42 and 1.22, indicating an etiological fraction as a positive association with diabetes. According to the result linkage disequilibrium, the haplotype CCTAT, TAGGC, TATGC, and TCTAT represent a risk factor that makes an individual more susceptible to diabetes mellitus type II. In conclusion, SNPs (rs1800543, rs2070699, rs1476046, rs1762831452, and new 671) affect more susceptibility to diabetes. The linkage disequilibrium results in the current study showed a strong association between rs2070699 and rs1476046 SNPs. The haplotype TAGGC represents the widespread haplotype with risky effects, making individuals more susceptible.
Large Small Submodules with Chain Conditions
We consider R is any ring with identity and is a non-zero unitary left R-module. In this article we study the notions of large small submodules with ascending (descending) chain conditions on large small submodules. Also, we will discuss and study many basic properties about this concept that fulfills the chain condition with its generalization to the ring. Where a submodule of is said to be large small of denoted by if for such that then is essential in .
Large small Submodules with ascending (respectively, descending) Chain condition
Detection of Some Antibiotic-Resistance Genes (qnrB, qnrS, parE, and armA) for Escherichia coli Isolated from Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq
Safe water is a crucial resource for the survival and sustenance of life, and its scarcity is a major cause of water-related ailments, particularly in underdeveloped nations. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from the surface waters of the Tigris River and the detection of resistance genes (qnrB, qnrS, parE, and armA) for E. coli. A total of 32 bacterial isolates of E coli were collected for analysis from four distinct sites: S1 Al-Muthana Bridge, S2 Al-Sarrafia Bridge, S3 Al-Senak Bridge, and S4 Al-Jadriyah Bridge. Water samples were collected from November 2023 until July 2024. The isolation of E. coli is performed using membrane filtration techniques and biochemical analysis followed by the VITEK2. The antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, employing a selection of 10 specific antibiotics for evaluation. The resistance genes for E. coli isolates were detected using the PCR technique. The results showed that both nitrofurantoin and ampicillin showed significantly higher resistance (100%), significant proportions of resistance to some β-lactam antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefoxitin, and ampicillin were 94%,94%,100% respectively) , another significant resistance for aminoglycosides antibiotics ( gentamycin and amikacin, 81-84%), cephalosporins antibiotics group showed significant differences ( ceftriaxone and cefuroxime , 59-93.8%), carbapenems antibiotics ( imipenem,72%), quinolones group presented low resistance proportion ( ciprofloxacin, 43.8%). All identified genes are complete sets with two, three, or four genes. Fourteen isolates showed resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), and 26 showed resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamycin). Nine isolates (28.1%) showed the presence of qnrB, and 7 isolates (21.9%) showed the presence of qnrS genes. Of the 26 resistant isolates to gentamycin, 20 isolates (62.5%) showed the presence of the armA gene, and the parE gene was found among all selected isolates for fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides (100%). The double association qnrB and qnrS was found in 12 isolates (37.5%), This research highlights the necessity of implementing regular surveillance of urban rivers to control the spread of antimicrobial resistance (ARM) genes in aquatic environments.
Impact of Obesity on Metabolic Hormones and Interleukins in Obese Individuals with and without Metabolic Syndrome
Obesity is a medical condition that occurs when the body mass index (BMI) is ≥ 30 kg/m2. Many factors cause obesity, such as unhealthy lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and genetic factors. Chronic low-grade inflammation is one of the hallmarks of obesity, and genetic factors also cause it. Obesity affects many different organ systems. This study aimed to investigate the impact of obesity on metabolic hormones and interleukins in obese individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). The study includes 140 Iraqi participants’ (60 males and 80 females), who were divided into 65 obese individuals with MetS, 50 obese individuals without MetS, and 25 healthy controls during their attendance at the Endocrinology and Diabetes Consultation/ Al-Imamain Al-Kadhimain Medical City / Baghdad / Iraq, from the period (January 2023 to July 2023). The average age of participants ranged from 20 to 60 years. Blood samples (5ml) were collected from all study participants by intravenous phlebotomy. Metabolic hormones (leptin, resistin, and adiponectin) and [interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and interleukin-18 (IL18)] were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (sandwich method). The results revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in leptin, and resistin in the obese with MetS and without MetS groups compared with the control group, and a significant decrease in adiponectin level in the obese with MetS group and without MetS groups compared with the control group. According to interleukins, there was a significant decrease in the mean value of IL-10 level in the obese with MetS group and without MetS group compared with the control group, and a significant increase in IL-13 and IL-18 levels in the obese with MetS group and without MetS group compared with the control group. In conclusion, obesity affects the levels of metabolic hormones and interleukins. Some hormones and interleukins increase while others decrease with obesity.
Immune Checkpoint Gene Polymorphism (CTLA-4 and TIM-3) as Risky Factors of Brain Tumor (from Grade I to IV) Incidence in Iraqi Population
Brain and central nervous system cancer was the fourth most common cause of death in Iraq. Brain tumors can hijack immune checkpoint gene polymorphisms to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor progression. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) are type I membrane proteins that are associated with tumor and immune cells regulation. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor that can modulate T-cell proliferation. This study aimed to investigate the impact of TIM-3 and CTLA-4 genes polymorphism on brain tumor susceptibility in the Iraqi population. One hundred fifty tissue samples were taken from brains enrolled in current research, including 100 brain tumor patients and 50 brain tissues as control, which were taken directly from the deceased in accidents. The DNA was extracted, and the TIM-3 and CTLA-4 genes were amplified using PCR. Then, the TIM-3 and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms were identified using the Sanger sequencing method. A significant difference was found among brain tumour patients according to sex and age group (P=0.04 and 0.004, respectively). A novel mutation in the TIM3 gene at intron 2 position 157106624 C>A was identified, a statistically significant increase in CA mutant genotype frequencies in patients compared to controls (P=<0.0001). Also, the A allele was significantly increased in the brain tumor patients (34%), P=0.001, OR=0.216(0.081-0.577). A mutation in CTLA4 gene at exon 4 rs60872763 DEL(AT) was first identified, and the frequencies of Del(AT)21 fragments were increased significantly in patients with a brain tumor (93.3%) P<0.001, OR=0.048(0.014-0.160). The A allele and AC heterozygote genotype in TIM3 gene at intron 2 position 157106624 and CTLA-4 rs60872763 Del(AT)21 repeats may play roles as risky factors in the pathogenesis of brain tumors in Iraqi patients.