Iraqi Journal of Science (IJS) is a blind peer-reviewed open access journal issued by the College of Science at the University of Baghdad. It is a monthly journal that publishes original research articles in a wide range of subjects. The prestigious interdisciplinary editorial board in the journal reflects the diversity of subjects covered in the journal. The journal is being published since 1956. The journal is basically self-financed by applying fees on the researcher's work published in the journal. However, the journal is also supported by the college of science at the University of Baghdad.
College of Science - University of Baghdad
A Novel Image Decomposition Employing Gaussian Curvature based Edge preserving Filter for Brain Tumor Detection through Image Fusion
The process of combining images from multiple medical imaging sources without any distortion or loss of information is known as medical image fusion. It improves the usefulness of medical imaging for the diagnosis and treatment of medical issues by maintaining every feature in the fused image. Recent years have seen the introduction of many image fusion techniques that show the significant progress in the field of medical diagnosis. However, the fusion performance of these contemporary methods is prone to distortion, noise, and blurring. To address these drawbacks of the current methods, this work presents a novel fusion methodology for a visually pleasing appearance. Using Gaussian curvature and guided filters, a new decomposition technique with an edge-preserving smoother is firstly described. The primary objective of this approach is to preserve edge haloes while recovering the structural information. The "weighted average" technique is used to merge source images based on the weights that were computed based on significant edge details. This technique can enhance contrast and highlight significant details in the fused image. We evaluate our proposed methodology on multiple pairs of publically available medical imaging datasets. The quantitative evaluation indicates that the suggested fusion strategy for multimodal image fusion improves the average IE by 5.8, MI by 34.8%, MSSIM by 31%, and QAB/F by 40% over the current methods, making it appropriate for usage in the medical area for correct diagnosis.
Gaussian curvature, Guided filter, Medical image fusion,Weighted average, Qualitative, Quantitative evaluation
Copyright (c) 2025 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacological Evaluation of Najas gracillima from the Bay of Bengal Coastal Regions: In Vitro and In Silico Studies
Najas gracillima is a green seaweed commonly found in North America and East Asia. This study explored its phytochemical composition and assessed its antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, along with α-amylase inhibition and cytotoxicity evaluations via the brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) and the HeLa cancer cell line. The acetone extract of Najas gracillima (ANG) showed a total phenolic content of 14.26 ± 1.86 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 10.27 ± 2.24 mg QUE/g extract. ANG demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ for DPPH: 14.57 ± 0.93 µg/mL; IC₅₀ for ABTS: 32.17 ± 1.35 µg/mL) and moderate α-amylase inhibition (IC₅₀: 54.97 ± 3.36 µg/mL). While it showed mild cytotoxicity in the BSLB assay (LC₅₀: 673.08 μg/mL), no cytotoxic effects were observed against HeLa cells. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the identified compounds exhibited strong binding affinities to relevant drug target proteins associated with the observed biological activities. These findings suggest that N. gracillima may serve as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in managing oxidative stress and diabetes.
Effect of Moringa Leaves Water Extract Combined with Collagen and Vitamin C on Malondialdehyde Levels in Rats Exposed to Oxidative Stress
The increasing prevalence of free radical-related diseases has led to a greater reliance on herbal medicines, such as Moringa oleifera (ML), as antioxidants. However, limited evidence exists regarding the combined effect of herbal and conventional antioxidants on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. This research assessed simplisia characterization, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity of ML water extract (ML-WE), and serum MDA levels in animal models using ELISA. Forty-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: a negative control, a positive control, and five treatment groups. All treatment groups were exposed to lead for seven days, followed by supplementation with either ML-WE (200 mg/kg BW), vitamin C (36 mg/kg BW), collagen (27 mg/kg BW), or their combinations. ML-WE showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50: 81.761 ppm). MDA levels differed significantly among groups (p < 0.001). Combining ML-WE with collagen reduced MDA levels more than ML-WE alone (14.65 ± 0.66 vs 21.32 ± 0.95 nmol/mL, p < 0.05) but was less effective than collagen monotherapy. Similarly, ML-WE combined with vitamin C showed no statistically significant improvement. These results indicate that while ML-WE has strong antioxidant properties, no synergistic effects were observed in combination therapies.
Gold Mineralisation in Metamorphic Rocks on Buru Island, Indonesia: Rock Facies, Geochemistry, Alterations, Mineralisation, and Types of Ore Deposits
Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources, one of which is gold deposits scattered across several locations, including the islands of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Papua. This study aims to (1) determine the type of alteration contained in the research area based on the altered mineral set resulting from the alteration process and the characteristics of gold deposits in metamorphic rocks in the study area, (2) determine the mineralisation characteristics of gold deposits by conducting geochemical analysis, (3) determine the type of metamorphic facies in host-rocks Gold deposits in the research area, (4) explain how the distribution of gold content from the results of geochemical analysis, (5) explain the genetic characteristics of gold deposits in the study area based on geochemical analysis and petrographic analysis. This study involved a field survey and random rock sampling at Mount Botak, Buru Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Rock samples were analysed by petrographic analysis, XRD (X-ray Diffraction) analysis, XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis, ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) analysis, and AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) analysis. The study results indicate that the host rock of gold deposits on Buru Island is a metamorphic rock formed by greenschist facies. The types of alterations are silicic, sericitization, argilic, and chloritization. The mineralisation is generally in quartz veins with a crustiform texture and a slight vein stockwork. Au levels ranged from 0.23 to 5.9 g/ton, which was not accompanied by Ag enrichment. Based on the analysis of gold deposits in the research area, it is an orogenic-type of deposit formed in a mesozonal environment, typically at a depth of 5-10 km. The implications of the research results can be applied to gold exploration purposes in Indonesia, particularly for gold deposits that have metamorphic host rocks.
Analyzing Materials and Determining their Physical Properties Using Spectral Sensing Technology from Satellite Images: Methodology and Applications
The spectral remote sensor technology was used to study the Kurdistan region of Iraq to determine the characteristics of surface minerals and by analyzing satellite images across multiple spectral ranges, distinctive spectral signatures were specified for several metals such as zinc (ZN), Lead (PB), and Parium (BA), as well as the use of thermal infrared to detect free abnormalities and the results were verified through field measurements and admonitory, where the selection accuracy was 85% according to the absolute error (MAPE) and 0.045 for RMSé and the results showed that spectral signatures for metals were distributed in nearby and remote IR ranges, helping to determine mineral sediments such as zinc and lead in carbonate rocks and infrared data and it also revealed a surface temperature between 20°C and 35°C, with thermal anomaly indicating metal concentrations and the study confirms the effectiveness of spectral remote sensing as an inexpensive and accurate tool for minerals, which enhances sustainable resource management strategies in Iraq.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nonlinear optical characteristics of Nile blue films doped with the polymers PMMA, PVC and their blend by using z-scan technique
The nonlinear optical characteristics of the laser dye Nile blue doped with Polyvinyl chloride (Nb /PVC), poly methylmethacrylate Nb/ (PMMA) and their blend N /(blend of PMMA 50 %+PVC 50%) was studded. Free-casting technique method was used for deposited the films. The nonlinear properties of the films studded by using Z- scan technique .Z-scan experiment was performed using continuous wave (CW) diode laser at 650 nm in two parts with power of 50 mw . The first part was done using a closed-aperture placed in front of the detector to measure the nonlinear refractive index ,with the second part; the aperture in front the detector was removed (open aperture) to measure the nonlinear absorption coefficient. The open-aperture curve exhibits a normalized transmittance (valley), indicating the presence of induced absorption. The observed nonlinearity is found to be of the third order, as it fits to two photon absorption process (TPA). The closed-aperture curve exhibits a peak to valley shape, indicating a negative value of the nonlinear refractive index n2. The effective values of the nonlinear refractive index n2, the nonlinear absorption coefficient β2, real and imaginary parts of the third-order optical nonlinearity, χ(3) for Nb/PMMA+PVC films comparatively with that of Nb/PMMA and Nb/PVC has much lower optical transmittance value obtained shows that these films can be used as efficient optical limiters.
Copyright (c) 2021 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ADL: A New Dataset of Select Arabic-Derived Letters for Handwritten Character Recognition
Arabic text and characters recognition are among the most challenging problems in the field of optical character recognition (OCR) due to the complex nature of the letters and their variance in forms. This paper presents a new ADL dataset of the Arabic derived letters: Che (چ), Ngain (ڠ), Pe (پ), Ve (ڤ), Zhe (ژ), and the three versions of Gaf (گ, ڭ, and ݣ). This dataset consists of 55,440 images from scanned handwritten papers made by 30 participants of different ages, thus ensuring demographic and stylistic diversity. The dataset has been evaluated on three different models: a Support Vector Machine (SVM), a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and a Vision Transformer (ViT) to demonstrate its practical usability. Several forms for different alphabet positions are used to represent each letter: isolated, initial, medial, and final, to reflect its real-world usage, which increases the value of the dataset for machine learning applications. The dataset was enriched using data augmentation techniques based on random rotation, horizontal shift, and zooming with nearest neighbor interpolation to fill empty pixels, which allowed for representing each character in a balanced way while preserving the essential structural elements. The dataset, as the first structured resource on some derived letters of the Arabic language, aims to fill a crucial gap in datasets focused on Arabic script and to advance research on handwritten character recognition. This dataset has important implications for linguistic research, practical applications, and advances in automated text processing systems by supporting better recognition of these non-original derived letters, especially in optical character recognition (OCR) systems.
Enhanced Intelligent System Model for Managing Anxiety in In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Patients
In vitro fertilization (IVF) program patients have elevated anxiety levels. Therefore, they immediately contact fertility doctors through existing communication media to get treatment. However, fertility doctors cannot respond quickly due to high workloads. The intelligent health system that implements the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) model is widely used to assist doctors in handling patient complaints. However, the system provides opportunities for modification so that the performance of the CBR model increases and further assists fertility doctors in handling IVF patient anxiety. This study modified the CBR model by integrating several previous research results (CCBR similarity formula, combination of CBR with Rule-Based Reasoning, the role of patient feedback, and the application of a minimum standard value of 80%). Measurement of the coefficient matrix to assess system performance using the Chris Case-Based Reasoning (CCBR) similarity formula produced an accuracy value of 52.58%, and the performance of the combination of the CBR model with the Rule-Based Reasoning model increased the accuracy value by 47.42%, so it can be stated that the CCBR model is a better intelligent system model for handling IVF patient anxiety.
GIS-MCDA Based Land Capability Analysis for Sustainable Food Production in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Food production is vital to global food security, entailing significant social, economic, and environmental implications. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) possesses abundant natural and human resources essential for agriculture, including extensive agricultural land, water resources, and a favorable climate. However, challenges such as population growth, displacement of large numbers of residents from other provinces to the Kurdistan Region, unplanned urban expansion encroaching on agricultural areas, useless land accumulation, and agricultural land degradation pose substantial threats to sustainable food production (SFP). The study's primary objective is to assess and map the potential for SFP in the region, enabling stakeholders to formulate strategies for sustainability and ensure food security. The methodology involved classifying land capability using Geographic Information System - Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis GIS-MCDA approaches, including the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process-hybrid model (F-AHP) and fuzzy analytical network process F-ANP. The dataset encompassed variables related to land capability for food production, categorized into six main groups: topography, climate elements, water resources, land use-landcover (LULC), geology, and soil characteristics, each with about eighteen sub-factors. Results from F-AHP and F-ANP indicated consistent findings across factor weights and land capability classifications in KRI, showing no significant disparities. Only 10.72% of the region's total land 4245.7 km2 exhibited high capability, while 28.68%, 11355 km2, 34.18%, 13534 km2, and 18.1%, 7168 km2, were moderately capable, low capability, and limited capable land, respectively. An 8.32%, 3295.4 km2 of Kurdistan's land was deemed unsuitable for SFP. The study's insights are crucial for experts, planners, governments, and stakeholders, facilitating the assessment of current food production. Based on these findings, appropriate plans and strategies can be developed to uphold long-term food security in the Kurdistan region.
Integrating XGBoost and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to Optimize COVID-19 Mortality Prediction
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has severely affected worldwide health, but the prediction of patient mortality remains difficult to achieve accurately. Current predictive methods mainly concentrate on clinical condition measurements without a complete view of death predictions. This research fills the void between advanced modelling through XGBoost and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for improved COVID-19 mortality prediction analysis. We applied a systematic four-phase approach to collect data from the "COVID-19 Symptoms Dataset containing symptoms and death cases as well as mortality rates and confirmed cases, " prior to data processing and analysis stages, including cleaning, visualization and feature analysis, followed by the implementation and optimization of XGBoost models and RNN frameworks. The final stage involved performance assessment with accuracy, precision recall, and F1-score. The evaluation results demonstrate RNNs deliver superior performance than XGBoost by achieving 94% accuracy, 93% recall, 92% F1-score, and 92% precision, at a time when XGBoost reaches 88.47% accuracy alone. Results demonstrate the advantage of XGBoost-RNN integration for mortality predictions, which enables public health services to create better resource plans.
A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of IC 2473, an Outer Pseudo-ring Galaxy (R′1)
This work aims to study the outer Pseudo-ring galaxy IC 2473 by analyzing its spectroscopic and photometric data using griz filters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The ellipse task from the STSDAS library was applied within the IRAF environment to analyze the isophotes and extract the galaxy's structural and optical properties using surface photometric techniques. This analysis helped determine important parameters such as ellipticity, surface brightness, and position angle, enabling a precise characterization of the galaxy's structure. A least-square fitting method was used to effectively study the morphological features. Spectroscopically, the emission line flux [OII] was analyzed to estimate the star formation rate (SFR), which was found to be approximately 0.124 M⊙ yr-1. The mass of the supermassive black hole (MBH) was calculated using the M–σ relationship, and it was approximately 2.2×10⁷ M⊙, with a Schwarzschild radius of 6.5×10⁷ km. In addition, the effective density of the black hole (ρ_BH) within the Schwarzschild radius was calculated and found to be approximately 3.75×10⁴ kg/m³. This study provides a comprehensive and integrated analysis of the structural, physical, and dynamical aspects of IC 2473, contributing to our understanding of the internal structure of pseudo-ring galaxies and their associated stellar activity.
An Intensive Study of Finite Dimensional Hesitant Fuzzy Normed Linear Spaces
The author's previous covered the concept of fuzzy normed linear space into hesitant fuzzy normed linear space. This work introduces hesitant fuzzy n-normed linear space as a generalization of n-normed space in addition to the generic t-norm, which is the major objective, and provides an expanding family of S*-n-norms that correspond to fuzzy n-norms. The decomposition theorem of a hesitant fuzzy norm into a set of crisp norms has been proven to fail when a t-norm other than "min" is used. This paper also addresses essential conclusions for fuzzy normed linear spaces of limited dimensions within a broad t-norm framework.
Using GPR Technique Assessment for Study the Sub-Grade of Asphalt andConcrete Conditions
The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is frequently used in pavement engineering for road pavement inspection. The main objective of this work is to validate nondestructive, quick and powerful measurements using GPR for assessment of subgrade and asphalt /concrete conditions. In the present study, two different antennas (250, 500 MHz) were used. The case studies are presented was carried in University of Baghdad over about 100m of paved road. After data acquisition and radar grams collection, they have been processed using RadExplorer V1.4 software implementing different filters with the most effective ones (time zero adjustment and DC removal) in addition to other interpretation tool parameters. The interpretation results showed that with 250 MHz antenna, the buried plastic pipe and the flexible pavement layer were identified. The later appeared as one layer without identifying the rigid pavement layer. With 500 MHz antenna, the plastic pipe, rigid pavement, appeared clearly. Moreover, the short type of maximum time window using antenna 500 MHz appeared to be the most suitable for detecting some radar anomalies (plastic pipe, and pavement thickness) which were clearly defined. While, the suitable radar wave velocity was 100 m/ns for estimation of the flexible and rigid pavement layer thicknesses respectively. No change is obtained with changing point interval. . Finally, this diagnostic tool of GPR for pavement defects and damages investigations seems very promising, cost effective and efficient in its implementation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization, and Elimination of Amoxicillin by Using V2O5 and NiO Nanoparticles
The nanoparticles (V2O5 and NiO) were synthesized via reflux and characterized using various techniques including atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Initially, the nanoparticles were dried at 90 oC, to obtain the as prepared nanoparticles (V2O5.1.8H2O and Ni(OH)2), followed by annealing at 500 oC to produce the oxide nanoparticles (V2O5 and NiO). The average grain sizes of the nanoparticles as prepared were 30.51nm, 55.70 nm, which decreased to 21.49 nm and 37.07 nm after annealing, respectively. The nanoparticles were employed for the removal of amoxicillin (AMX) as a contaminant in a water solution. V2O5.1.8H2O nanoparticles exhibited the most effective removal activity among all types of nanoparticles, with a percentage removal (%R) of 64.01% and a removal capacity (qt) of 5.89 g/mg. Therefore, vanadium pentoxide in its prepared form (V2O5.1.8H2O) demonstrated the best removal activity.
The Potential Anti-Obesity Effect of Heated Stingless Bee Honey in Mice Fed a High-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet
Stingless bee honey (SBH) has been widely recognized for its unique bioactive compounds and potential health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effects of heat processing on SBH's bioactivity, particularly its potential anti-obesity effects, remain inadequately explored. This study aims to evaluate the potential anti-obesity effects of heated SBH in mice fed a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet. This study utilized 30 male white mice with an average weight of 19.03±1.44 g were randomly divided into six groups (n=5). The animals were divided as follows: Group A (Normal Control): Mice fed a standard laboratory diet with no HCHF diet or SBH supplementation. Group B (HCHF Control): Mice fed an HCHF diet without SBH treatment. Group C (HCHF + Unheated SBH): Mice fed an HCHF diet and supplemented with unheated SBH. Group D (HCHF + Heated SBH at 50°C): Mice fed an HCHF diet and supplemented with SBH heated at 50°C. Group E (HCHF + Heated SBH at 75°C): Mice fed an HCHF diet and supplemented with SBH heated at 75°C. Group F (HCHF + Heated SBH at 90°C): Mice fed an HCHF diet and supplemented with SBH heated at 90°C. Mice were administered honey once daily orally for eight weeks. At the end of treatment, body weight, white adipose tissue accumulation, adipose tissue morphology and histology, blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol were measured. The results showed that mice fed HCHF without SBH administration had abnormal adipose tissue morphology and histology, while administration of heated SBH, especially at a temperature of 50°C, significantly improved the morphological and histological structure of adipose tissue under normal conditions. Administration of heated SBH also reduced adipose tissue weight, decreased fasting blood glucose levels, and increased lipid profiles. Thus, SBH, particularly when heated at 50°C, as a natural therapeutic agent for managing obesity.
Determination of the MESEP Events of 2-9th April 2001 According to ERNE/SOHO Observation
On 2-9th April 2001 the Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron (ERNE) instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) observed three gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events separated by 9 hour and 7days respectively, in association with three effective solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In this paper, a study of MESEP events was considered. As the definition of this phenomenon suggested there might be many sources for each MESEP event. This event has been examined in order to view the different sources that might relate to suspected accelerator of the SEPs. A careful analysis for the spectra and associated emission with such eruptions was made. Soft X-ray emission was observed by the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) was used to indicate the associated solar flares, earth radio stations were used to determine the associated radio emissions. While three instruments, beside (ERNE) were used from the SOHO satellite, the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) to follow the CMEs, the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) for observing the Morton waves to indicate the CME location and the Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System CELIAS to indicate the shock waves caused by CMEs.
shock wave, Solar Energetic Particle SEP, Multi-Eruption Solar Energetic Particle (MESEP) events.
Optimization of CuInSSe-Based Solar Cell Simulated by SCAPS-1D Software: Role of 30% Efficiency
Copper Indium Sulfur-Selenide (CISSe)-based solar cell is examined by optimization several aspects including absorber layer thickness, buffer layer thickness, window layer thickness, working temperatures and energy band gap values. The optimization of these factors has resulted in optimum absorber layer thickness of 3000 nm, optimum CdS thickness of 10 nm, optimum ZnO thickness of 10 nm, optimum working temperature of 300 K and optimum energy band gap of 1.5 eV. The best device performance consisting of these optimum values results in a PCE of 30.51% correlated to FF of 83.7%, JSC of 47.188 mA.cm-2 and VOC of 0.773 Volt. The results are promising and pave the way towards high PCE of CISSe-based solar. However, there might be a differences when these factors are applied in an experimental procedure due to the preparation conditions.
Variations in Vegetation Cover in Al-Suwaira District during The period (2017-2023) Using Remote Sensing Data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
This research aims to determine the extent of change in the vegetation cover of the Al-Suwaira region in the period 2017-2023, as this region faces many problems, the most important of which are urban expansion at the expense of agricultural land, soil erosion, climate change, pollution. The region is located in southern Iraq, where water resources are scarce compared to the northern and central parts. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was applied to the seven scenes adopted in this work from Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellite data, and the area and percentage of each land cover category in the study area were calculated. The results indicated that the percentage of vegetation cover during 2017-2023 decreased by 1% annually using a graphical relationship between the percentages for each scene and the years. This decrease in the vegetation cover of the Al-Suwaira region is considered a dangerous indicator that threatens the ecosystem. Accordingly, the study recommends that the concerned authorities monitor the region's ecosystem and take the necessary measures and procedures to increase the water level in the Tigris River, reclaim lands, and encourage farmers to pay attention to agriculture.
Secure and Robust Watermarking Using NSST-LWT-DCT-SVD for Copyright Protection
The ongoing issue of unauthorized image distribution poses a serious modern challenge. This research introduces an innovative dual image watermarking technique that determines a potential embedding area in a small 4×4 DCT block and employs a hybrid approach of NSST-LWT-DCT-SVD to ensure efficient copyright protection. The watermark images are integrated using the red and green channels. These channels are then transformed using NSST-LWT to extract the low-frequency sub-band. Following this, the low-frequency section is divided into 4×4 blocks. The Human Visual System (HVS) is then used to select the appropriate blocks, which are transformed using DCT. Certain coefficients from the middle frequency of the DCT are chosen for decomposition with SVD. The singular values are then employed for embedding the watermark bits. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique is a viable option for image watermarking, achieving average PSNR and SSIM values of up to 45.9 dB and 0.9962, respectively, while closely approaching a value of 1 for NC performance.
Simulation of Solar Coronal Magnetic Field UsingPotential Field Model
In this paper, 3D simulation of the global coronal magnetic field, which use observed line of sight component of the photosphere magnetic field from (MDI/SOHO) was carried out using potential field model. The obtained results, improved the theoretical models of the coronal magnetic field, which represent a suitable lower boundary conditions (Bx , By , Bz) at the base of the linear force-free and nonlinear force free models, provides a less computationally expensive method than other models. Generally, very high speed computer and special configuration is needed to solve such problem as well as the problem of viewing the streamline of the magnetic field. For high accuracy special mathematical treatment was adopted to solve the computation complexity.
Spectroscopic Study of the Forbidden Lines [OIII] and [SII] of Crab Nebula Supernova Remnant
As a star explode as a supernova its ejecta will directly interact with relatively low density interstellar medium with high shock wave velocity, and due to this interaction many of forbidden emission lines will give a raise from both the excitation and ionization of the atom in the region. So, the study of these emission lines can reveal many physical properties of the region, in this case the remnant of the supernova, such as temperature, density, composition, and many other important physical processes. In this paper the optical spectrum of the young galactic supernova remnant which is the Crab Nebula has used, in order to calculate it’s electron temperature (Te) and electron density (ne) by using the [OIII] and [SII] forbidden lines. From the obtained results it’s found that, the remnant has Te reach to 17,000 500°K that raises from high shock velocity according to the intensity ratio of which is found to be , although the remnant has such high Te and high shock velocity it’s found that, only about 64% of pre-shock helium is fully pre-ionized in the remnant. In addition to that when the intensity ratio of both [ ] and [SII] lines has taken it’s found that, the remnant is an intermediate density remnant which has ne equal to 1300 10 cm-3.
Study the Genesis of Saturn Rings and their Physical Properties
A computer program has been created to calculate the Roche Limit of the rings and satellites of Saturn, showing that many of the rings of the planet are located outside the Roche Limit and still intact and do not accumulate and clump since ancient times, and that many of Saturn satellites are located within the Roche Limit and have not been influenced and crumbled by the tidal forces of the planet. The change of the rings width was studied as a relative function of the mass with the distance from the planet, and the satellite diameters change as a relative function of the mass with the distance from the planet. The results were compared with the condition of the planets and the sun showing almost similar change in the two cases, which induces to conclude that most of Saturn satellites were originally rings moving around the planet and these rings are old and among the raw material of the planet since its inception and not the remains of the satellite destroyed by collision or influenced by the tidal forces when by passing the Roche Limit. The tidal gravitational interaction is not only the most powerful and influential in determining the shape, condition and orbit of the satellite.
Watermarking in 3D Model Using Dihedral Angle
This research is based on a new idea of concealment makes sense depending on the value of the dihedral angle which is the angle between the two planes, concealment began the process of identifying Center of the model and then follow the style of the spider in the process of building his own house in terms of start-point average and then start building the network to walk clockwise and the formation of ring and the transition to the formation of the largest ring, was to follow the same method of concealing data and configure more than one link to the full text is hidden. Method showed very good results in terms of attention to the existence of a change in the picture, because he really has been no change to the original image, the error rate calculation (MSE) and was worth zero results showed good resistance for different types of attack, such as topological, signal attack and geometry so little hidden information destruction did not happen.
copyright protection, attack, robustness
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Nowadays the characteristic of many systems can be captured and investigated as networks of connected communities. Recently, large research interests are devoted towards unraveling natural divisions in such complex networks. Due to problem complexity, the field of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) reveals outperformed results, however, they lack the introduction of some problem-specific heuristic operators that realize their principles from the natural structure of communities. The main contribution of this paper is to introduce a heuristic perturbation operator that can as a local search operator. Thewell known multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with decompositions (MOEA/D) is adopted with the proposed perturbation operator to identify the overlapped community sets in complex networks. The performance of the proposed MOEA/D is evaluated under a set of experiments on real-world social networks of different complexities. The results prove the positive impact of the proposed heuristic operator to harness the strength of MOO model in both terms of convergence velocity and convergence reliability.
Community-less nodes, graph co-clustering, MOEA/D,
MOO, non-dominated solution, NP-hard, Pareto Front, social networks.
Study the Image of Wasit Subsurface Structure Using 3D Seismic Data – Centre of Iraq
This study is about the seismic reflection structural interpretation of the Fatha Formation in Tertiary and Shiranish and Nahr Umr Formations in Cretaceous of Wasit structure , the 3D seismic data volume have been used in the interpretation process based on synthetic traces ,the tops of the three Reflectors s were determined and picked using an interpretation using specialized computer program . After these formations have been traced overall the area the subsurface structural image can be extracted in order to determined were hydrocarbons could possibly exist , Nahr Umr is expected to be a hydrocarbon reservoir in this research .
Registering Wetlands of South Iraq in the National Heritage List is for Saving Human Cultures and Global Environmental Balance
Wetland of South Iraq (locally called Ahwar) are discussed in this study for their evolution, natural characteristics, human settlements and their development to evolve first world civilization as well as their use in present days with case studies to correlate their character for including the site in the world heritage list. Correlations of the characteristics of this site with the unesco criteria of 2005 for selection to be included on the world heritage list are performed in this study. It is concluded from these correlations that this site is of outstanding universal value that meets at least four unesco criteria of criteria's 10, 9, 7 and 2 for inclusion on the world heritage list. Accordingly, this site holds the best assessments for inclusion in the world heritage list of mainly natural with cultural archeological materials of the first world civilization under their sediments, and hence should be included
South Iraq, World Heritage, Earliest human settlements, Neolithic cultures.
Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry of the Upper Oligocene-Middle Miocene Succession in the Western Iraq
Rare earth element (REE) in the Upper Oligocene-Middle Miocene succession represented by reefal carbonate rocks of Anah Formation, dolomitic limestone of the Euphrates Formation, and gypsiferous marly limeatone of Fatha Formation in the western Iraq were used as geochemical indicators. The objectives of this study are to describe the REE patterns in the different depositional environments, and clarify their response to the diagentic processes, in particular, dolomitization. The general trend of REE pattern shows similarity for Anah and Fatha Formations, with less similarity in the Euphrates Formation. The reefal limestone facies of Anah Formation was characterized by relative depletion in REE, while REEs enrichment were distinctive character of the gypsiferous marly limestone facies in Fatha Formation. The dolomitic limestone facies belonged to the Euphrates Formation was marked with an intermediate amount of REE. The normalized ΣLREEs in the Anah and Fatha Formations have a significant variation. Furthermore, they are less abundance than the normalized ΣHREEs, with the exception of the Euphrates Formation, which suffered a relatively depleted of the ΣHREEs due to dolomitization. The negative anomaly in cerium (Ce), positive anomalies of the europium (Eu) and lanthanum (La) in the PAAS-normalized REE patterns reflect well-oxygenated shallow water of Anah and Fatha Formations; and also indicate incorporation of REE into the limestone of Euphrates Formation occurred in moderately marine deep water. The vast majority of the REEs concentration was adsorped with clay minerals rather than in carbonate rocks and gypsum. Dolomitization clearly affected the real signature of the REE, particularly, in the Euphrates Formation and provided useful information on the composition of diagenetic fluids which later became relatively depleted in HREEs as it is clear in the Euphrates Formation
الاحتمالات النفطية في العراق والواعدية الهيدروكربونية لتتابع الباليوزوي في الصحراء الغربية بمنطق جيوفيزيائي تطبيقي
يعتبر الع ا رق من الأقطار ذات الخزين الييدروكاربوني العالي وىذا الخزين تكون بفعل العديد من العوامل الجيولوجية وتم تسميط الضوء عمى المؤش ا رت اليايدروكاربونية منذ بدايات القرن الماضي من خلال حفر البئر الاستكشافي جياسورخ عام ) 1902 ( والذي أعقبو العديد من الاكتشافات ومنيا حقل كركوك العملاق عام 1927 ( وخلال فترة ماقبل الاستثمار الوطني التي تمتد لغاية ) 1961 ( حيث تم تنفيذ العديد من المسوحات ( الجيولوجية السطحية, المغناطيسية, الجذبية والزل ا زلية الاحادية إضافة الى حفر العديد من الآبار مما أدى الى اكتشاف احتياطي نفطي قابل للاستخ ا رج يقدر ب ) 34 ( مميار برميل وفي المرحمة التي تمت الاستثمار الوطني المباشر لمنفط والتي تميزت بتصاعد وتيرة العمل الاستكشافي وخصوصا في فترتي السبعينات والثمانينات في القرن الماضي حيث تم تكثيف نشاط المسح الزل ا زلي بالبعدين ) 2D ( ليصل بعدد الفرق العاممة الى 22 ف رقة ع ا رقية وأجنبية إضافة الى حفر ) 67 ( تركيب مما أدى الى زيادة الاحتياطي ليصل الى ) 101 ( مميون برميل وخمق قاعدة بيانات جيولوجية وجيوفيزيائية تحت سطحية متكاممة تفيد في التخطيط واعداد الد ا رسات الإقميمية الشاممة. أدى ىذا الى انجاز العديد من التقسيمات التكتونية )الحركية( لمع ا رق ومنيا تقسيمات الفريق الع ا رقي السوفيتي عام 1979 حيث تقع منطقة الصح ا رء الغربية ضمن المنحدر الشمالي لميضبة العربية والتي تتميز باحتمالات ىايدروكاربونية ) نفطية وغازية(, متوسطة خفيفة في صخور الحقب المتوسط واحتمالات – ىايدروكاربونية عالية غير مقيمة بشكل جيد في الصخور العائدة لمحقب القديم والتي أظيرتيا نتائج الحفر في حقمي عكاس )الع ا رق(, الريشة )الأردن( حيث يحتوي المقطع عمى نظام بترولي متكامل ذات صخور مولدة تحتوي كمية جيدة من المواد العضوية في تكوين عكاس ) السيموري( والخابور ) الاوردوفيشي( وبذلك تعتبر الصح ا رء الغربية من المناطق الميمة الواعدة في احتوائيا عمى الييدروكاربونات من نفط وغاز إلا أنيا لم تحظ بالاىتمام المطموب, وفي حالة إكمال أعمال الاستكشاف فييا من مسح زل ا زلي وحفر ستظير الصح ا رء الغربية مفاجآت كبيرة واعدة .
Submerged Shoal Imaging By Sub-Bottom Profiler TechniqueSouthern Iraq/ Northwest of the Arabian Gulf
A marine geophysical survey using high-resolution Sub Bottom Profiler was carried out for Palinurus Shoal (PS) , one of the shallow sites within Iraqi marine borders, NW of the Arabian Gulf. Eight parallel transverses survey lines of (SBP) were performed at the study area from southwest to northeast. Six lines were about 2.5 km in length, the two more lines crossed about 4.6 km area extended up to Khawr Al Khafga. The distance separated the survey lines is about 0.6-0.8 km. In addition, one more profiler was acquired longitudinal to the north-south direction, 6.3 km length. Abrupt reflectors slope changes reflectors discontinuity and coherency were the main interpretation guides on the sub-bottom images. The behavior of the built-surface articulates that Palinurus Shoal feature was formed by structural activity of a deeper diapiric structure. The surface depth is fluctuated. It was 6-7 m at the center of the structure and deepen toward the east to be 13-14 m. And it becomes even deeper, up to 30 m, at the western end. The dimension of the observed structure surface are about 6 km along northwest-southeast direction and about 2-2.5 km along transvers direction. Toward the east of the observed diapiric, there is an evidence of another daipriric structure. These structural features, diapirics, suggest the evolution of salt plugs from a salt accumulations (e.g., salt domes or pillow structures). This postulate was proved by reflection disappearance through these bodies. It is characteristics of seismic waves behavior at salt compositions. Furthermore, tilt reflectors faults and distortions of the structure bottom may tie-in neotectonic activity in the region.
3-D lithofacies Model of Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah oil field Southwestern Iraq
Petrophysical data interpretation study has been done for ThiQar – Nasiriya oil field at the southwestern part of Iraq in order to build the 3-D lithofacies model of the Mishrif reservoir which currently is the main unit of bearing the oil in subsurface area covered about (447) km2. This study is achieved by using CMG, Petrel, Techlog, and other approval software. The study depended on the direct and indirect well logs data analysis supported with coring analysis, and drilling geological reports. The lithofacies of Mishrif Formation units detected form direct logs responses on behavior of SP, Resistivity, and GR logs, and from indirect analysis on behavior of (ØN-ρb) crossplots where the values of the both parameters projected in the limestone zone, some in dolomite and little in sandstone zone. The same case is for most of the wells with little difference in wells NS-12, 13, and 14 that properly have behavior of sandstone. In addition, the result is supported by coring description during the drilling. The results of the analysis integrated and distributed by sequential indicator simulation method as maps and 3D model. The lithofacies model of Mishrif Formation units in this study helped us to estimate the geological environmental deposition facies for each unit which was graduated from back reef in west and NW to the reef in the middle, fore , and slope in SE of the field.