Iraqi Journal of Science (IJS) is a blind peer-reviewed open access journal issued by the College of Science at the University of Baghdad. It is a monthly journal that publishes original research articles in a wide range of subjects. The prestigious interdisciplinary editorial board in the journal reflects the diversity of subjects covered in the journal. The journal is being published since 1956. The journal is basically self-financed by applying fees on the researcher's work published in the journal. However, the journal is also supported by the college of science at the University of Baghdad.
College of Science - University of Baghdad
A Novel Image Decomposition Employing Gaussian Curvature based Edge preserving Filter for Brain Tumor Detection through Image Fusion
The process of combining images from multiple medical imaging sources without any distortion or loss of information is known as medical image fusion. It improves the usefulness of medical imaging for the diagnosis and treatment of medical issues by maintaining every feature in the fused image. Recent years have seen the introduction of many image fusion techniques that show the significant progress in the field of medical diagnosis. However, the fusion performance of these contemporary methods is prone to distortion, noise, and blurring. To address these drawbacks of the current methods, this work presents a novel fusion methodology for a visually pleasing appearance. Using Gaussian curvature and guided filters, a new decomposition technique with an edge-preserving smoother is firstly described. The primary objective of this approach is to preserve edge haloes while recovering the structural information. The "weighted average" technique is used to merge source images based on the weights that were computed based on significant edge details. This technique can enhance contrast and highlight significant details in the fused image. We evaluate our proposed methodology on multiple pairs of publically available medical imaging datasets. The quantitative evaluation indicates that the suggested fusion strategy for multimodal image fusion improves the average IE by 5.8, MI by 34.8%, MSSIM by 31%, and QAB/F by 40% over the current methods, making it appropriate for usage in the medical area for correct diagnosis.
Gaussian curvature, Guided filter, Medical image fusion,Weighted average, Qualitative, Quantitative evaluation
Copyright (c) 2025 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacological Evaluation of Najas gracillima from the Bay of Bengal Coastal Regions: In Vitro and In Silico Studies
Najas gracillima is a green seaweed commonly found in North America and East Asia. This study explored its phytochemical composition and assessed its antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, along with α-amylase inhibition and cytotoxicity evaluations via the brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) and the HeLa cancer cell line. The acetone extract of Najas gracillima (ANG) showed a total phenolic content of 14.26 ± 1.86 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 10.27 ± 2.24 mg QUE/g extract. ANG demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ for DPPH: 14.57 ± 0.93 µg/mL; IC₅₀ for ABTS: 32.17 ± 1.35 µg/mL) and moderate α-amylase inhibition (IC₅₀: 54.97 ± 3.36 µg/mL). While it showed mild cytotoxicity in the BSLB assay (LC₅₀: 673.08 μg/mL), no cytotoxic effects were observed against HeLa cells. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the identified compounds exhibited strong binding affinities to relevant drug target proteins associated with the observed biological activities. These findings suggest that N. gracillima may serve as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in managing oxidative stress and diabetes.
Gold Mineralisation in Metamorphic Rocks on Buru Island, Indonesia: Rock Facies, Geochemistry, Alterations, Mineralisation, and Types of Ore Deposits
Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources, one of which is gold deposits scattered across several locations, including the islands of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Papua. This study aims to (1) determine the type of alteration contained in the research area based on the altered mineral set resulting from the alteration process and the characteristics of gold deposits in metamorphic rocks in the study area, (2) determine the mineralisation characteristics of gold deposits by conducting geochemical analysis, (3) determine the type of metamorphic facies in host-rocks Gold deposits in the research area, (4) explain how the distribution of gold content from the results of geochemical analysis, (5) explain the genetic characteristics of gold deposits in the study area based on geochemical analysis and petrographic analysis. This study involved a field survey and random rock sampling at Mount Botak, Buru Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Rock samples were analysed by petrographic analysis, XRD (X-ray Diffraction) analysis, XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis, ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) analysis, and AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) analysis. The study results indicate that the host rock of gold deposits on Buru Island is a metamorphic rock formed by greenschist facies. The types of alterations are silicic, sericitization, argilic, and chloritization. The mineralisation is generally in quartz veins with a crustiform texture and a slight vein stockwork. Au levels ranged from 0.23 to 5.9 g/ton, which was not accompanied by Ag enrichment. Based on the analysis of gold deposits in the research area, it is an orogenic-type of deposit formed in a mesozonal environment, typically at a depth of 5-10 km. The implications of the research results can be applied to gold exploration purposes in Indonesia, particularly for gold deposits that have metamorphic host rocks.
Nonlinear optical characteristics of Nile blue films doped with the polymers PMMA, PVC and their blend by using z-scan technique
The nonlinear optical characteristics of the laser dye Nile blue doped with Polyvinyl chloride (Nb /PVC), poly methylmethacrylate Nb/ (PMMA) and their blend N /(blend of PMMA 50 %+PVC 50%) was studded. Free-casting technique method was used for deposited the films. The nonlinear properties of the films studded by using Z- scan technique .Z-scan experiment was performed using continuous wave (CW) diode laser at 650 nm in two parts with power of 50 mw . The first part was done using a closed-aperture placed in front of the detector to measure the nonlinear refractive index ,with the second part; the aperture in front the detector was removed (open aperture) to measure the nonlinear absorption coefficient. The open-aperture curve exhibits a normalized transmittance (valley), indicating the presence of induced absorption. The observed nonlinearity is found to be of the third order, as it fits to two photon absorption process (TPA). The closed-aperture curve exhibits a peak to valley shape, indicating a negative value of the nonlinear refractive index n2. The effective values of the nonlinear refractive index n2, the nonlinear absorption coefficient β2, real and imaginary parts of the third-order optical nonlinearity, χ(3) for Nb/PMMA+PVC films comparatively with that of Nb/PMMA and Nb/PVC has much lower optical transmittance value obtained shows that these films can be used as efficient optical limiters.
Copyright (c) 2021 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ADL: A New Dataset of Select Arabic-Derived Letters for Handwritten Character Recognition
Arabic text and characters recognition are among the most challenging problems in the field of optical character recognition (OCR) due to the complex nature of the letters and their variance in forms. This paper presents a new ADL dataset of the Arabic derived letters: Che (چ), Ngain (ڠ), Pe (پ), Ve (ڤ), Zhe (ژ), and the three versions of Gaf (گ, ڭ, and ݣ). This dataset consists of 55,440 images from scanned handwritten papers made by 30 participants of different ages, thus ensuring demographic and stylistic diversity. The dataset has been evaluated on three different models: a Support Vector Machine (SVM), a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and a Vision Transformer (ViT) to demonstrate its practical usability. Several forms for different alphabet positions are used to represent each letter: isolated, initial, medial, and final, to reflect its real-world usage, which increases the value of the dataset for machine learning applications. The dataset was enriched using data augmentation techniques based on random rotation, horizontal shift, and zooming with nearest neighbor interpolation to fill empty pixels, which allowed for representing each character in a balanced way while preserving the essential structural elements. The dataset, as the first structured resource on some derived letters of the Arabic language, aims to fill a crucial gap in datasets focused on Arabic script and to advance research on handwritten character recognition. This dataset has important implications for linguistic research, practical applications, and advances in automated text processing systems by supporting better recognition of these non-original derived letters, especially in optical character recognition (OCR) systems.
Enhanced Intelligent System Model for Managing Anxiety in In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Patients
In vitro fertilization (IVF) program patients have elevated anxiety levels. Therefore, they immediately contact fertility doctors through existing communication media to get treatment. However, fertility doctors cannot respond quickly due to high workloads. The intelligent health system that implements the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) model is widely used to assist doctors in handling patient complaints. However, the system provides opportunities for modification so that the performance of the CBR model increases and further assists fertility doctors in handling IVF patient anxiety. This study modified the CBR model by integrating several previous research results (CCBR similarity formula, combination of CBR with Rule-Based Reasoning, the role of patient feedback, and the application of a minimum standard value of 80%). Measurement of the coefficient matrix to assess system performance using the Chris Case-Based Reasoning (CCBR) similarity formula produced an accuracy value of 52.58%, and the performance of the combination of the CBR model with the Rule-Based Reasoning model increased the accuracy value by 47.42%, so it can be stated that the CCBR model is a better intelligent system model for handling IVF patient anxiety.
Integrating XGBoost and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to Optimize COVID-19 Mortality Prediction
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has severely affected worldwide health, but the prediction of patient mortality remains difficult to achieve accurately. Current predictive methods mainly concentrate on clinical condition measurements without a complete view of death predictions. This research fills the void between advanced modelling through XGBoost and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for improved COVID-19 mortality prediction analysis. We applied a systematic four-phase approach to collect data from the "COVID-19 Symptoms Dataset containing symptoms and death cases as well as mortality rates and confirmed cases, " prior to data processing and analysis stages, including cleaning, visualization and feature analysis, followed by the implementation and optimization of XGBoost models and RNN frameworks. The final stage involved performance assessment with accuracy, precision recall, and F1-score. The evaluation results demonstrate RNNs deliver superior performance than XGBoost by achieving 94% accuracy, 93% recall, 92% F1-score, and 92% precision, at a time when XGBoost reaches 88.47% accuracy alone. Results demonstrate the advantage of XGBoost-RNN integration for mortality predictions, which enables public health services to create better resource plans.
An Intensive Study of Finite Dimensional Hesitant Fuzzy Normed Linear Spaces
The author's previous covered the concept of fuzzy normed linear space into hesitant fuzzy normed linear space. This work introduces hesitant fuzzy n-normed linear space as a generalization of n-normed space in addition to the generic t-norm, which is the major objective, and provides an expanding family of S*-n-norms that correspond to fuzzy n-norms. The decomposition theorem of a hesitant fuzzy norm into a set of crisp norms has been proven to fail when a t-norm other than "min" is used. This paper also addresses essential conclusions for fuzzy normed linear spaces of limited dimensions within a broad t-norm framework.
Using GPR Technique Assessment for Study the Sub-Grade of Asphalt andConcrete Conditions
The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is frequently used in pavement engineering for road pavement inspection. The main objective of this work is to validate nondestructive, quick and powerful measurements using GPR for assessment of subgrade and asphalt /concrete conditions. In the present study, two different antennas (250, 500 MHz) were used. The case studies are presented was carried in University of Baghdad over about 100m of paved road. After data acquisition and radar grams collection, they have been processed using RadExplorer V1.4 software implementing different filters with the most effective ones (time zero adjustment and DC removal) in addition to other interpretation tool parameters. The interpretation results showed that with 250 MHz antenna, the buried plastic pipe and the flexible pavement layer were identified. The later appeared as one layer without identifying the rigid pavement layer. With 500 MHz antenna, the plastic pipe, rigid pavement, appeared clearly. Moreover, the short type of maximum time window using antenna 500 MHz appeared to be the most suitable for detecting some radar anomalies (plastic pipe, and pavement thickness) which were clearly defined. While, the suitable radar wave velocity was 100 m/ns for estimation of the flexible and rigid pavement layer thicknesses respectively. No change is obtained with changing point interval. . Finally, this diagnostic tool of GPR for pavement defects and damages investigations seems very promising, cost effective and efficient in its implementation.
Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determination of the MESEP Events of 2-9th April 2001 According to ERNE/SOHO Observation
On 2-9th April 2001 the Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron (ERNE) instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) observed three gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events separated by 9 hour and 7days respectively, in association with three effective solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In this paper, a study of MESEP events was considered. As the definition of this phenomenon suggested there might be many sources for each MESEP event. This event has been examined in order to view the different sources that might relate to suspected accelerator of the SEPs. A careful analysis for the spectra and associated emission with such eruptions was made. Soft X-ray emission was observed by the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES)Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) was used to indicate the associated solar flares, earth radio stations were used to determine the associated radio emissions. While three instruments, beside (ERNE) were used from the SOHO satellite, the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) to follow the CMEs, the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) for observing the Morton waves to indicate the CME location and the Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System CELIAS to indicate the shock waves caused by CMEs.
shock wave, Solar Energetic Particle SEP, Multi-Eruption Solar Energetic Particle (MESEP) events.
Secure and Robust Watermarking Using NSST-LWT-DCT-SVD for Copyright Protection
The ongoing issue of unauthorized image distribution poses a serious modern challenge. This research introduces an innovative dual image watermarking technique that determines a potential embedding area in a small 4×4 DCT block and employs a hybrid approach of NSST-LWT-DCT-SVD to ensure efficient copyright protection. The watermark images are integrated using the red and green channels. These channels are then transformed using NSST-LWT to extract the low-frequency sub-band. Following this, the low-frequency section is divided into 4×4 blocks. The Human Visual System (HVS) is then used to select the appropriate blocks, which are transformed using DCT. Certain coefficients from the middle frequency of the DCT are chosen for decomposition with SVD. The singular values are then employed for embedding the watermark bits. Experimental results indicate that the proposed technique is a viable option for image watermarking, achieving average PSNR and SSIM values of up to 45.9 dB and 0.9962, respectively, while closely approaching a value of 1 for NC performance.
Simulation of Solar Coronal Magnetic Field UsingPotential Field Model
In this paper, 3D simulation of the global coronal magnetic field, which use observed line of sight component of the photosphere magnetic field from (MDI/SOHO) was carried out using potential field model. The obtained results, improved the theoretical models of the coronal magnetic field, which represent a suitable lower boundary conditions (Bx , By , Bz) at the base of the linear force-free and nonlinear force free models, provides a less computationally expensive method than other models. Generally, very high speed computer and special configuration is needed to solve such problem as well as the problem of viewing the streamline of the magnetic field. For high accuracy special mathematical treatment was adopted to solve the computation complexity.
Spectroscopic Study of the Forbidden Lines [OIII] and [SII] of Crab Nebula Supernova Remnant
As a star explode as a supernova its ejecta will directly interact with relatively low density interstellar medium with high shock wave velocity, and due to this interaction many of forbidden emission lines will give a raise from both the excitation and ionization of the atom in the region. So, the study of these emission lines can reveal many physical properties of the region, in this case the remnant of the supernova, such as temperature, density, composition, and many other important physical processes. In this paper the optical spectrum of the young galactic supernova remnant which is the Crab Nebula has used, in order to calculate it’s electron temperature (Te) and electron density (ne) by using the [OIII] and [SII] forbidden lines. From the obtained results it’s found that, the remnant has Te reach to 17,000 500°K that raises from high shock velocity according to the intensity ratio of which is found to be , although the remnant has such high Te and high shock velocity it’s found that, only about 64% of pre-shock helium is fully pre-ionized in the remnant. In addition to that when the intensity ratio of both [ ] and [SII] lines has taken it’s found that, the remnant is an intermediate density remnant which has ne equal to 1300 10 cm-3.
Study the Genesis of Saturn Rings and their Physical Properties
A computer program has been created to calculate the Roche Limit of the rings and satellites of Saturn, showing that many of the rings of the planet are located outside the Roche Limit and still intact and do not accumulate and clump since ancient times, and that many of Saturn satellites are located within the Roche Limit and have not been influenced and crumbled by the tidal forces of the planet. The change of the rings width was studied as a relative function of the mass with the distance from the planet, and the satellite diameters change as a relative function of the mass with the distance from the planet. The results were compared with the condition of the planets and the sun showing almost similar change in the two cases, which induces to conclude that most of Saturn satellites were originally rings moving around the planet and these rings are old and among the raw material of the planet since its inception and not the remains of the satellite destroyed by collision or influenced by the tidal forces when by passing the Roche Limit. The tidal gravitational interaction is not only the most powerful and influential in determining the shape, condition and orbit of the satellite.
Watermarking in 3D Model Using Dihedral Angle
This research is based on a new idea of concealment makes sense depending on the value of the dihedral angle which is the angle between the two planes, concealment began the process of identifying Center of the model and then follow the style of the spider in the process of building his own house in terms of start-point average and then start building the network to walk clockwise and the formation of ring and the transition to the formation of the largest ring, was to follow the same method of concealing data and configure more than one link to the full text is hidden. Method showed very good results in terms of attention to the existence of a change in the picture, because he really has been no change to the original image, the error rate calculation (MSE) and was worth zero results showed good resistance for different types of attack, such as topological, signal attack and geometry so little hidden information destruction did not happen.
copyright protection, attack, robustness
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Nowadays the characteristic of many systems can be captured and investigated as networks of connected communities. Recently, large research interests are devoted towards unraveling natural divisions in such complex networks. Due to problem complexity, the field of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) reveals outperformed results, however, they lack the introduction of some problem-specific heuristic operators that realize their principles from the natural structure of communities. The main contribution of this paper is to introduce a heuristic perturbation operator that can as a local search operator. Thewell known multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with decompositions (MOEA/D) is adopted with the proposed perturbation operator to identify the overlapped community sets in complex networks. The performance of the proposed MOEA/D is evaluated under a set of experiments on real-world social networks of different complexities. The results prove the positive impact of the proposed heuristic operator to harness the strength of MOO model in both terms of convergence velocity and convergence reliability.
Community-less nodes, graph co-clustering, MOEA/D,
MOO, non-dominated solution, NP-hard, Pareto Front, social networks.
Study the Image of Wasit Subsurface Structure Using 3D Seismic Data – Centre of Iraq
This study is about the seismic reflection structural interpretation of the Fatha Formation in Tertiary and Shiranish and Nahr Umr Formations in Cretaceous of Wasit structure , the 3D seismic data volume have been used in the interpretation process based on synthetic traces ,the tops of the three Reflectors s were determined and picked using an interpretation using specialized computer program . After these formations have been traced overall the area the subsurface structural image can be extracted in order to determined were hydrocarbons could possibly exist , Nahr Umr is expected to be a hydrocarbon reservoir in this research .
Registering Wetlands of South Iraq in the National Heritage List is for Saving Human Cultures and Global Environmental Balance
Wetland of South Iraq (locally called Ahwar) are discussed in this study for their evolution, natural characteristics, human settlements and their development to evolve first world civilization as well as their use in present days with case studies to correlate their character for including the site in the world heritage list. Correlations of the characteristics of this site with the unesco criteria of 2005 for selection to be included on the world heritage list are performed in this study. It is concluded from these correlations that this site is of outstanding universal value that meets at least four unesco criteria of criteria's 10, 9, 7 and 2 for inclusion on the world heritage list. Accordingly, this site holds the best assessments for inclusion in the world heritage list of mainly natural with cultural archeological materials of the first world civilization under their sediments, and hence should be included
South Iraq, World Heritage, Earliest human settlements, Neolithic cultures.
Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry of the Upper Oligocene-Middle Miocene Succession in the Western Iraq
Rare earth element (REE) in the Upper Oligocene-Middle Miocene succession represented by reefal carbonate rocks of Anah Formation, dolomitic limestone of the Euphrates Formation, and gypsiferous marly limeatone of Fatha Formation in the western Iraq were used as geochemical indicators. The objectives of this study are to describe the REE patterns in the different depositional environments, and clarify their response to the diagentic processes, in particular, dolomitization. The general trend of REE pattern shows similarity for Anah and Fatha Formations, with less similarity in the Euphrates Formation. The reefal limestone facies of Anah Formation was characterized by relative depletion in REE, while REEs enrichment were distinctive character of the gypsiferous marly limestone facies in Fatha Formation. The dolomitic limestone facies belonged to the Euphrates Formation was marked with an intermediate amount of REE. The normalized ΣLREEs in the Anah and Fatha Formations have a significant variation. Furthermore, they are less abundance than the normalized ΣHREEs, with the exception of the Euphrates Formation, which suffered a relatively depleted of the ΣHREEs due to dolomitization. The negative anomaly in cerium (Ce), positive anomalies of the europium (Eu) and lanthanum (La) in the PAAS-normalized REE patterns reflect well-oxygenated shallow water of Anah and Fatha Formations; and also indicate incorporation of REE into the limestone of Euphrates Formation occurred in moderately marine deep water. The vast majority of the REEs concentration was adsorped with clay minerals rather than in carbonate rocks and gypsum. Dolomitization clearly affected the real signature of the REE, particularly, in the Euphrates Formation and provided useful information on the composition of diagenetic fluids which later became relatively depleted in HREEs as it is clear in the Euphrates Formation
الاحتمالات النفطية في العراق والواعدية الهيدروكربونية لتتابع الباليوزوي في الصحراء الغربية بمنطق جيوفيزيائي تطبيقي
يعتبر الع ا رق من الأقطار ذات الخزين الييدروكاربوني العالي وىذا الخزين تكون بفعل العديد من العوامل الجيولوجية وتم تسميط الضوء عمى المؤش ا رت اليايدروكاربونية منذ بدايات القرن الماضي من خلال حفر البئر الاستكشافي جياسورخ عام ) 1902 ( والذي أعقبو العديد من الاكتشافات ومنيا حقل كركوك العملاق عام 1927 ( وخلال فترة ماقبل الاستثمار الوطني التي تمتد لغاية ) 1961 ( حيث تم تنفيذ العديد من المسوحات ( الجيولوجية السطحية, المغناطيسية, الجذبية والزل ا زلية الاحادية إضافة الى حفر العديد من الآبار مما أدى الى اكتشاف احتياطي نفطي قابل للاستخ ا رج يقدر ب ) 34 ( مميار برميل وفي المرحمة التي تمت الاستثمار الوطني المباشر لمنفط والتي تميزت بتصاعد وتيرة العمل الاستكشافي وخصوصا في فترتي السبعينات والثمانينات في القرن الماضي حيث تم تكثيف نشاط المسح الزل ا زلي بالبعدين ) 2D ( ليصل بعدد الفرق العاممة الى 22 ف رقة ع ا رقية وأجنبية إضافة الى حفر ) 67 ( تركيب مما أدى الى زيادة الاحتياطي ليصل الى ) 101 ( مميون برميل وخمق قاعدة بيانات جيولوجية وجيوفيزيائية تحت سطحية متكاممة تفيد في التخطيط واعداد الد ا رسات الإقميمية الشاممة. أدى ىذا الى انجاز العديد من التقسيمات التكتونية )الحركية( لمع ا رق ومنيا تقسيمات الفريق الع ا رقي السوفيتي عام 1979 حيث تقع منطقة الصح ا رء الغربية ضمن المنحدر الشمالي لميضبة العربية والتي تتميز باحتمالات ىايدروكاربونية ) نفطية وغازية(, متوسطة خفيفة في صخور الحقب المتوسط واحتمالات – ىايدروكاربونية عالية غير مقيمة بشكل جيد في الصخور العائدة لمحقب القديم والتي أظيرتيا نتائج الحفر في حقمي عكاس )الع ا رق(, الريشة )الأردن( حيث يحتوي المقطع عمى نظام بترولي متكامل ذات صخور مولدة تحتوي كمية جيدة من المواد العضوية في تكوين عكاس ) السيموري( والخابور ) الاوردوفيشي( وبذلك تعتبر الصح ا رء الغربية من المناطق الميمة الواعدة في احتوائيا عمى الييدروكاربونات من نفط وغاز إلا أنيا لم تحظ بالاىتمام المطموب, وفي حالة إكمال أعمال الاستكشاف فييا من مسح زل ا زلي وحفر ستظير الصح ا رء الغربية مفاجآت كبيرة واعدة .
Submerged Shoal Imaging By Sub-Bottom Profiler TechniqueSouthern Iraq/ Northwest of the Arabian Gulf
A marine geophysical survey using high-resolution Sub Bottom Profiler was carried out for Palinurus Shoal (PS) , one of the shallow sites within Iraqi marine borders, NW of the Arabian Gulf. Eight parallel transverses survey lines of (SBP) were performed at the study area from southwest to northeast. Six lines were about 2.5 km in length, the two more lines crossed about 4.6 km area extended up to Khawr Al Khafga. The distance separated the survey lines is about 0.6-0.8 km. In addition, one more profiler was acquired longitudinal to the north-south direction, 6.3 km length. Abrupt reflectors slope changes reflectors discontinuity and coherency were the main interpretation guides on the sub-bottom images. The behavior of the built-surface articulates that Palinurus Shoal feature was formed by structural activity of a deeper diapiric structure. The surface depth is fluctuated. It was 6-7 m at the center of the structure and deepen toward the east to be 13-14 m. And it becomes even deeper, up to 30 m, at the western end. The dimension of the observed structure surface are about 6 km along northwest-southeast direction and about 2-2.5 km along transvers direction. Toward the east of the observed diapiric, there is an evidence of another daipriric structure. These structural features, diapirics, suggest the evolution of salt plugs from a salt accumulations (e.g., salt domes or pillow structures). This postulate was proved by reflection disappearance through these bodies. It is characteristics of seismic waves behavior at salt compositions. Furthermore, tilt reflectors faults and distortions of the structure bottom may tie-in neotectonic activity in the region.
3-D lithofacies Model of Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah oil field Southwestern Iraq
Petrophysical data interpretation study has been done for ThiQar – Nasiriya oil field at the southwestern part of Iraq in order to build the 3-D lithofacies model of the Mishrif reservoir which currently is the main unit of bearing the oil in subsurface area covered about (447) km2. This study is achieved by using CMG, Petrel, Techlog, and other approval software. The study depended on the direct and indirect well logs data analysis supported with coring analysis, and drilling geological reports. The lithofacies of Mishrif Formation units detected form direct logs responses on behavior of SP, Resistivity, and GR logs, and from indirect analysis on behavior of (ØN-ρb) crossplots where the values of the both parameters projected in the limestone zone, some in dolomite and little in sandstone zone. The same case is for most of the wells with little difference in wells NS-12, 13, and 14 that properly have behavior of sandstone. In addition, the result is supported by coring description during the drilling. The results of the analysis integrated and distributed by sequential indicator simulation method as maps and 3D model. The lithofacies model of Mishrif Formation units in this study helped us to estimate the geological environmental deposition facies for each unit which was graduated from back reef in west and NW to the reef in the middle, fore , and slope in SE of the field.
Subsurface Investigation of Oligocene Geologic Formations Age, East Baghdad Oil Field
An investigate of the subsurface of East Baghdad Oil field South-1 and South-2, by using the interactive workstation Geoframe. The study is interested with Oligocene Formations which is an extension of Kirkuk group. Synthetic seismogram is generated from data of EB-15 well. Base of Lowe-Fars reflector is picked and identified because it is close to Jeribe Formation that was deposited in the same depositional environment of Kirkuk group. The seismic sections and time slice maps confirmed that the Oligocene age was not affected by faults and the signs or indicators of faults started from Hartha Formation and continue to the deeper formations with increasing intensity, where the variance attribute section was applied on time slice and shows that the area was affected by listric growth normal fault parallel to the structure of the field trends (NW-SE) and affected by number of transverse faults trend (E-W) and (NE-SW). Time map, velocity map and depth map of base Lower-Fars reflector depending on data from (EB-2, EB-4, EB-5, EB-6, EB-15, EB-24), the maps was showed the structural picture of East Baghdad that formed structural nose opened toward NW and trending (NW-SE) that confirmed by 3D volume which prepared for the studied area. By studying the seismic sections and applying seismic attributes(instantaneous phase, reflection magnitude, and variance attributes) discovered the presence of Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator at shallow depth in Oligocene age represented by flat spot at Bajwan/Baba Formation and dim spot below Dhiban/ Euphrates Formations in locations inlines 49235, 49225, 49190, and 49095, cross line 11700. Further confirmation on the presence of Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator is outlined from the application of flattening technique on seismic and attributes sections. Finally the surface area of the spreading of spot has been calculated in MESA expert 11.02 program that reaches approximately 13.47 km2.
Geochemical Characteristics of the Bituminous Carbonate and Shale Rocks of the Jurassic Sequences (Sargelu, Naokelekan and Chia Gara) in the North Thrust Zone, North of Zakho, North of Iraq
The geochemistry and mineralogy of the three formations ; Sargelu, Naokelekan and Chia Gara are studied using XRF, XRD, SEM, and EDS-elemental map analyses. These formations represent Jurassic sequences exposed to the North of Zakho within the North Thrust Zone, and constitute bituminous carbonate and shale rocks. The average concentrations of SiO2 and CaO in carbonate rocks are (11.7%, 7.75% and 9.16%) and (32.40%, 27.51% and 46.73%) in Sargelu, Naokelekan and Chia Gara Formations respectively, whereas in shale rocks are (27.51% and 19.48%) and (7.09% and 4.60%) in Sargelu and Naokelekan Formations. The MgO content as average in carbonate rocks is high in Sargelu (8.86%) compared to Naokelekan (0.28%) and Chia Gara (0.22%). The average contents of V, Ni, Mo and Zn in carbonate rocks are (143.2 ppm, 94.92 ppm, 96.95 ppm and 83.3 ppm) in Sargelu, (1143.3 ppm, 619.8 ppm, 588.3 ppm and 942.5 ppm) in Naokelekan and (373.4 ppm, 92 ppm, 187.4 ppm and 35.2 ppm) in Chia Gara, while in shale rocks are (661.99 ppm, 662.6 ppm, 832.8 ppm and 509 ppm) in Sargelu and (1990.8 ppm, 753.1 ppm, 324.7 ppm and 724.3 ppm) in Naokelekan. The concentrations and geochemical relationships of the major oxides are more or less similar in both types of rocks in the three formations but their relationships with trace elements are diverse. These relationships are very compatible with the mineralogical identification. SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, TiO2 and Zr make positive correlations with each other reflecting their existence in clay minerals, K-feldspars and are of detrital origin. CaO shows negative correlation with these oxides indicating different origin. Also CaO is related with PO4 infers the presence of apatite. Fe2O3, SO3, Mo, Zn, Ni and Cd are correlated positively due to their co-existence in sulfide minerals. The distributions of the trace elements Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, V and Mo are controlled by the clay minerals, oxides, phosphates, sulfides and sulfates. Mn, As, Sr and Ba distributions are mainly controlled by carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite) and barite.
Effect of Molding Pressing Force on the Properties of High-Voltage Porcelain Insulators
The effect of molding pressing force (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 tons ) on the properties of 80% kaolin + 20 % soda-lime glass (bottle glass) high voltage porcelain were investigated. The samples were prepared by powder processing technique of semi-dry uniaxial pressing and sintered at 1100oC. Both water absorption % and apparent porosity showed zero value at molding pressing force of 2-3 ton. The linear shrinkage (LS %) was determined by measuring the sample dimensions before and after sintering. The water absorption (WA), apparent porosity (AP) and apparent density (AD) were determined using the vacuum/boiling technique. Vicker’s micro-hardness was measured for the samples. The flexural strength (Rf) was measured by the diametrical compression of a solid disk referred to as the Brazilian disk fracture test. The breakdown voltage of the prepared samples was measured at room temperature.
Evaluation of DNA damage and Antioxidant Status with G6PD-deficient in Iraqi Patients
Thirty blood samples of clinically glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient patients were collected from pediatrics hospital and Al- Kadhumia teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. .Besides that, blood samples were taken from 30 apparently healthy individuals (without Hemoglobinopathy disorders ( as a control group. The apoptotic response shown by G6PD-deficient patients was evaluated using neutral method of Comet assay. Comet assay result was demonstrated as comet index which represent a mean of the scored that calculate from the ratio of cell diameters (L/W) of total cells in each sample. These results revealed that lymphocytes exhibited an increase apoptosis percentage (44.5%) compare with percentage of control (7%). This revealed that there was DNA damage in G6PD-deficient patients. On the other hand, repeated blood transfusion in G6PD-deficient patients may lead to oxidative tissue injury by secondary iron overload. The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in catalase activity levels (P<0.05), whereas the lipid peroxidation end product (MDA) levels and both G-Px, SOD activity levels were significantly increased in all G6PD-deficient patients (P < 0.05) as compared with the control group. MDA values showed a significant positive correlation with G-Px levels (r = + 0.756), while it was observed negative correlated with catalase levels (r = - 0.352). These data indicates an increase in free radical generation and thus antioxidant defense mechanisms is impaired in peroxidation associated with a significant elevation in MDA levels in the erythrocytes of the G6PD deficiency than that found in the control group which demonstrate the presence of an increased oxidative stress due to reduction in NADPH which is generated in erythrocytes. This suggests that oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense mechanism play an important role in pathogenesis and DNA damage of G6PD-deficient patients.
Frequency of blaOxa10 Beta-lactamase gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different clinical swabs
Thirty one isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from 100 clinical samples include (pus, burn and wound swabs). All the isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa by conventional methods, PCR and DNA sequencing. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were undertaken for 8 groups of antibiotics (Cephalosporins, Rifamycin, fluoroquinolones, Penicillins, Carbapenems, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol and Beta-lactamase inhibitor+ Penicillin). The highest resistance rate was recorded to Rifampin, and Pipracillin with 31(100%), followed by Chloramphenicol ,Cefotaxime and Cefixime with 28 (90.3%), and the lowest resistance rate to Imipenem with 8 (25.8%). Cefpodoxime resistance value was less than values reported in other study. Six strains did not carry the blaOXA10 gene that is hydrolyze Cloxacillin , Oxacillin and Carbapenem, in spite of their resistance to more than 3 different antibiotic group. According to present study, we concluded that the drug of choice is the Imipenem, the most effective anti-pseudomonal agent, and the bla OXA-10 gene frequency was 6 (19.4%) among P. aeruginosa isolates from patients in different hospitals in Baghdad.
The Immunological Effect of a Gleevec Drug as Tyrosin Kinase Inhibitor in Auto-immune Thyroid Peroxidase in Iraqi Patientswith Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
A gleevec drug a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the so-called Philadelphia chromosome that characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) which has been widely used in treatment of several hematological malignancies, and there is concern about the long-term immune effects of its use. Autoimmune disorders in patients treated with gleevec drug may be related to the direct immune modulating properties or may be linked to a possible toxic effect in target organs, triggering autoimmunity diseases. The study described the development of symptomatic autoimmune thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO) in 51 patients with CML compared with 10 subjects as healthy control. The samples collected from Iraqi National Center for Research and Treatment of Hematological Diseases/University of Al-Mustansiryiah. Epidemiological data such as age, sex and cure period were recorded for all of the patients. The range age of the patients were (16-70) years male and female with a cure period (8 months to 10 years) in chronic treatment with recombinant a gleevec drug. The samples tested for anti-TPO by using Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) which revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between control and patients. The patient's samples diagnosed for chronic myelogenous leukemia according to clinical physical examinations, Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection quantification of mRNA chimerical gene bcr/abl (M-bcr) and mRNA gene/abl and by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) techniques in the clinical material. The aim of the study was to test the possible association of the generation of autoimmune disease on thyroid peroxidase by the effect of gleevec drug in patients with CML
Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Treat Soil Polluted with Gasoline
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from three soils contaminated with gasoline which leak from electricity generators that used in different regions in Baghdad. The regions choices to collect the contaminated soils were Al-Dora, Al-Jadryia and Tunis quarter. The bacterial isolate is identified according to international biochemical methods and through the identification and selection the P.aeruginosa in order to use to degrade the gasoline also it was found that the optimum temperature and pH were 35°C and 9 to the P.aeruginosa, as well as using Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) technique in order to test the ability of isolated bacteria to biodegrade the gasoline in order to use this bacteria in biodegradation for contaminated soils with gasoline. And results of using FTIR technique appended the degradation by P.aeruginosa. Results of (FTIR) technique referred to that the P.aeruginosa appeared an ability of degradation in the first day comparing with control , and some materials were appeared because of degradation such as Alcohol , where in third day the biodegradation by P.aeruginosa was very clear , also an increasing in peak area which refers to many compounds as sodium, Al-dehyd and alkanes . In fifth day, an increasing in biodegradation was observed in alkanes while in the eighth day - as in the tenth day -appeared an increasing in biodegradation.
Genetic Diversity Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)Analysis for Aspergillus niger isolates
This study includes isolation, purification, and identification of Aspergillus niger from different sources (soil, Seeds, powdered milk and factory waste water) by traditional methods (macroscopic and microscopically). and study the relationships of genetic among the A. niger isolates based PCR (RAPD) technique (find the DNA fingerprint). The results of this study revealed that genetic diversity and relationships among twenty four isolates were determined by using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Genomic DNA of each isolates was extract at final concentration of (115-959) μg /l per (2-3) gm of wet mycelium, and at a purity (1.7-1.9). Each DNA of isolates were amplified with each 24 primers and the products were resolved electrophoretically on 1.2% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under UV light. Ten primers failed to amplify DNA of A. niger isolates but the rest 14 primers produced 367 bands, of these bands 99.4% (365) bands were polymorphic. The size of the amplified bands ranged between 130-2840 bp. The genetic polymorphism value of each primer was determined and ranged between 86-100%. All primer have given unique bands. The primers were fingerprinted 21 of the 24 isolates. Genetic distances ranged from 0.11496 to 0.68088 between A. niger isolates. Also, cluster analysis of genetic distances between these isolates have divided into groups according to the source, which isolated them and this indicates the presence of a high level of genetic kinship samples isolated from the same source at the same time which indicates the presence of a high level of genetic distance between samples isolated from different sources.