Effect of Glycemic Control on Lipid Profile Liver and KidneyFunction in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

     This cross-sectional study examined how glycemic control affected lipid profile, as well as liver and kidney functions in 95 patients (51 males and 44 females) with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with no complications. The patients were divided into two groups, based on their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. The majority of the well-controlled group were males (68.89%), while the majority of the poorly-controlled glycemic group were females (60%). The relationship between glycemic control and various biochemical parameters was examined using Pearson correlation analysis. The results have shown that poor glycemic control was highly related to dyslipidemia, elevated liver enzymes, and impaired kidney functions. Large effect sizes were observed for triglycerides (TG; Cohen’s d = 2.69;95% CI:2.14-3.25), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C; Cohen’s d = 3.10: 95% CI: 2.51-3.69), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; Cohen’s d = 1.51;95% CI:1.06-1.97), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; Cohen’s d = 0.725;95% CI: 0.309-1.14), and creatinine (Cohen’s d = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.806-1.69). Strong positive association was found between HbA1c and various indices, which include the triglyceride/fasting blood glucose index (TyG; r = 0.824, p = 0.0001), TG/HDL-C ratio (r = 0.818, p = 0.0001), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP; r = 0.809, p = 0.0001), but only weakly to moderately with R-factor (r = 0.317, p = 0.002). On the other hand, HbA1c levels were negatively correlated with the AST/ALT ratio (r = -0.444, p = 0.0001) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; r = -0.294, p = 0.005). These results emphasize the significance of maintaining ideal blood glucose levels to avoid or delay T2DM complications.